Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Today, Indonesia has the largest palm oil plantation in the world. Palm area in Indonesia, in 2008, according Ditjenbun, Department of Agriculture, estimated to reach 7 million ha (Ditjenbun Deptan 2009). Palm fruit produced by palm oil trees collected in bunches, therefore, often called as Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB). FFBs are then transported to the factory for further process to produce palm oil. The main product of oil mill is Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). In 2008, about 90,5 ton FFB yielded 18,1 ton of CPO from the fruit (mesocarp) and 2,1 ton of PKO from the nut (palm kernel) (Naibaho 1998; Ditjenbun Deptan 2009; PPKS 2010). When the nut is processed, it yields PKO, Palm Kernel Meal (PKM), and shell. The PKM is the solid part remaining from palm kernel after the extraction of PKO by a mechanical screw pressing. From 90,5 ton of processed FFB can produce about 2,5 ton of PKM. The number of this by-product always be increased due to the growth of the oil palm industry in Indonesia. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) has done researches about the application of palm oil industry waste (PKM) as fish feed through bioconversion process using maggot. Maggot is Hermetia illucens L. larvae that has the ability to convert organic material (PKM) into it's biomass. Maggot biomass has then been used to feed fish (Hem et al 2008b). This bioconversion process of PKM using maggot produced waste, which is called Bioconversion Fertilizer Palm Kernel Meal (BFPKM). The aim of this study is to know the effect of BFPKM, as organic fertilizer, to Vigna unguiculata L. Walp (yardlong bean) var. mutiara. The study was held in Balai Riset Ikan Hias and IRD laboratorium Depok, on July until October 2008. This research is an experimental study using a randomized complete design. The parameters observed including the growth of stems, leaves, flowers, pods and roots, between the plants cultivated with BFPKM and without BFPKM. The result shows that BFPKM as organic fertilizer tend to gave a positive effect on the growth of stem, leaf, flower and pod. BFPKM also seem to stimulate the formulation of new branches and make earlier formation of flower. Inside underground, BFPKM tend to show indication to stimulate the growth of the root faster and more branching. Well root development could give more nutritions supply to whole of plant. It was showed by this study. BFPKM supplies nitrogen, phospor, and potassium for plant's growth. That nutriens are needed by plant to grow. So, this study shows that BFPKM can be applied as organic fertilizer that seem to give effect in the growth of yardlong bean."

"ABSTRAKFitoestrogen yang terkandung dalam kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.) berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai pengobatan alternatif osteoporosis.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol70% buah kacang panjang terhadap kadar kalsium tulang tikus melaluipengukuran dengan spektrofotometri serapan atom. Metode ovariektomidigunakan untuk mewakili kondisi osteoporosis yang dilakukan pada 36 tikusbetina galur Sprague Dawley yang terbagi ke dalam 6 kelompok. Kelompok Isebagai sham, kelompok II sebagai kontrol negatif, keduanya diberikan CMC0,5%, kelompok III, IV, dan V diberikan ekstrak kacang panjang dosis bervariasi,berturut-turut, 100; 200; dan 400 mg/200 g bb tikus disuspensikan dalam CMC0,5%, dan kelompok VI sebagai kontrol positif diberikan larutan natriumalendronat dalam aquadest. Semua kelompok kecuali kelompok sham dilakukanovariektomi pada hari ke-1 kemudian diistirahatkan selama 20 hari. Bahan ujidiberikan satu kali sehari secara oral pada hari ke 22 sampai hari ke 50.Pengukuran kadar kalsium dilakukan pada hari ke 51. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kacang panjang lebih tinggi meningkatkan kadarkalsium tulang dibandingkan dengan natrium alendronat. Akan tetapi, efekpeningkatan yang ditimbulkan dari ketiga varian dosis adalah sama sehingga tidakada dosis efektif ekstrak etanol kacang panjang dalam meningkatkan kadarkalsium.

---

ABSTRACTPhytoestrogen contained in long beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.) couldpotentially be used as an alternative treatment for osteoporosis.This study is aimedto determine the effect of 70% ethanolic extract of long bean on rat bone calciumlevel by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry measurement. Ovariectomymethod is used to represent osteoporosis condition on 36 Sprague Dawley strainfemale rats which are divided into 6 groups. Group I as a sham, group II as anegative control, both had been given with CMC 0.5%, group III, IV, and V aregiven varying doses of long bean extract, 100; 200; and 400 mg/200 g bw ratsrespectively, were suspensed in CMC 0.5%, group VI as a positive control hadbeen given alendronate sodium in aquadest. All groups except sham group wasovariectomized on the first day and then rested for 20 days. Each of them orallyadministered once daily from day 22 to day 50. The bone calcium level wasmeasured on day 51. The results showed that the ethanol extract of long beanincreases bone calcium level higher compared to alendronate sodium. But effectof increasing three varying doses ethanol extract of long bean are the same, sothere is no effective dose of ethanol extract of long bean on increasing the bonecalcium level."

"Osteoporosis adalah kerapuhan tulang akibat menurunnya massa dan kemunduran mikroarsitek jaringan tulang. Secara seluler terjadi karena jumlah sel osteoklas melebihi jumlah sel osteoblas. Fungsi dari sel osteoklas dan osteoblas sangat dipengaruhi oleh hormon estrogen. Kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) adalah salah satu jenis tanaman yang diketahui mengandung senyawa fitoestrogen, yaitu senyawa dalam tanaman yang bersifat estrogenik (menyerupai estrogen). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan ekstrak etanol 96 % kacang panjang dalam menghambat osteoklastogenesis tetapi tidak menghambat proliferasi sel RAW 264 in vitro. Uji hambatan proliferasi dilakukan dengan teknik MTT assay dan uji antiosteoklastogenesis dilakukan dengan pewarnaan TRAP ( Tartrat Resistance Acid Phosphatase).Hasil MTT assay pada inkubasi 48 jam menunjukkan proliferasi sel yang berbeda bermakna secara statistik (p< 0.05). Pemberian ekstrak etanol kacang panjang dengan konsentrasi 25, 50 dan 200 µg/mL proliferasi lebih tinggi dibanding kontrol dan konsentrasi 800 µg/mL proliferasi lebih rendah dibanding kontrol. Hasil uji antiosteoklastogenesis menunjukan konsentrasi 25 µg/mL maksimal menghambat osteoklastogenesis sel RAW 264 secara signifikan ( p< 0.05) tetapi tidak mengganggu proliferasinya dan justru meningkatkan proliferasi sel RAW 264 setelah 48 jam. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 96 % kacang panjang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai agen anti osteoporosis.

---

Osteoporosis is bone fragility which is caused by reduction of the bone mineral density and microarchitecture deteriorates. At the cellular level, this occurred due to the higher level of osteoclast cells compared to osteoblast cells. The role of osteoclast and osteoblast cells is greatly influenced by estrtogen hormone. Long bean (Vigna unguiculata (L) walp) is one type of plants that contains fitoestrogen compound, the plant compound that is estrogenic (imitation of estrogen). The study aims to find the ability of long bean in antiosteoclastogenesis retardation, but not in in vitro proliferation of RAW 264 cells. Proliferation resistance test was done by using MTT assay technique and antiosteoclastogenesis test was done by TRAP staining (Tartrat Resistance Acid Phospatase).The result of MTT assay after 48 hours incubation shown statistically significant difference (p< 0,05) in cell proliferation. Addition of long bean ethanol extract with a concentration of 25, 50 and 200 µg/mL showed higher proliferation than control and proliferation at 800 µg/mL concentration is lesser than control. The result of antiosteoclastogenesis test shown that at a maximum concentration of 25 µg/mL significantly hampers (p< 0,05) osteoclastogenesis of RAW 264 cells but does not interfere with the proliferation but increases proliferation of RAW 264 cells after 48 hours. Therefore, it can be concluded that ethanol extract of long beans has the potential to be developed as anti-osteoporosis agent."

"Senyawa derivat naftokuinon yaitu Eleutherinol memiliki afinitas terhadap reseptor estrogen alfa RE- dan dapat ditemukan dalam umbi Bawang Dayak Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Buah kacang panjang Vigna unguiculata L. Walp mengandung Daidzein yang bekerja pada reseptor estrogen beta RE-. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian kombinasi kedua ekstrak terhadap penurunan tekanan darah dan profil lipid serum tikus model hipoestrogen. Sebanyak 36 tikus betina Sprague-Dawley secara acak dibagi ke dalam 8 kelompok yaitu SHAM, OVX, RAL Raloksifen 1 mg/200 g BB, kombinasi ekstrak buah kacang panjang 100 mg/200 g BB dengan ekstrak umbi bawang dayak: 36 mg/200 g BB D1 - 18 mg/200 g BB D2 - 9 mg/200 g BB D3 - 4,5 mg/200 g BB D4 - dan ekstrak buah kacang panjang tunggal100 mg/200 g BB D5. Seluruh tikus kecuali kelompok SHAM diovariektomi untuk mendapatkan kondisi hipoestrogen. Ekstrak diberikan secara oral selama 28 hari. Tekanan darah dan profil lipid diukur setelah 28 hari pemberian. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi ekstrak D2 18 mg/200 g BB umbi Bawang Dayak dan 100 mg/200 g BB buah kacang panjang dapat menurunkan tekanan darah dan profil lipid serum secara signifikan serta lebih baik dibandingkan pemberian 100 mg/200 g BB ekstrak buah kacang panjang tunggal.

---

A naphtoquinone derivate called Eleutherinol has strong affinity to bind with estrogen receptor alpha ER and can be found in Dayak onion bulbs Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb.. The cowpea Vigna unguiculata L. Walp contain Daidzein that acts on estrogen receptors beta ER. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of both extract on blood pressure and serum lipid profile of hypoestrogen model rats. Thirty six of female Sprague Dawley were randomly assigned to eight groups as followed, SHAM, OVX, RAL Raloxifene 1 mg 200 g BW, Cowpea 100 mg 200 g BW with Dayak onion bulbs 36 mg 200 g BW D1 18 mg 200 g BW D2 9 mg 200 g BW D3 4,5 mg 200 g BW D4, and single dose of cowpea 100 mg 200 g BW D5. All groups, except the SHAM, is ovariectomized to obtain the conditions of hypoestrogen. The extracts was given orally for 28 days. Blood pressure and lipid profile were measured after 28 days treatment. The results show that combination of extract D2 18 mg 200 g BW Dayak onion bulbs and 100 mg 200 g BW cowpea significantly decrease blood pressure and serum lipid profile of hypoestrogen model rats better than the single dose of 100 mg 200 g BW cowpea. "

"Osteoporosis yang paling umum terjadi adalah kehilangan massa tulang karena defisiensi hormon estrogen pada saat menopause. Kondisi hipoestrogen menyebabkan peningkatan aktivitas osteoklas sehingga massa tulang berkurang yang menandakan terjadinya penurunan deposit kalsium tulang. Kondisi hipoestrogen dapat meningkatkan perlemakan sumsum tulang sehingga pembentukan tulang dapat terganggu. Ekstrak buah kacang panjang dan umbi bawang dayak terbukti memiliki efek terhadap tulang, karena potensi kandungan senyawa daidzein dan eleuterinol yang dapat berikatan secara selektif dengan reseptor estrogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak etanol 70 umbi bawang dayak Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. dan buah kacang panjang Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. terhadap kadar kalsium tulang tibia, berat tulang tibia, dan nilai skoring perlemakan sumsum tulang tibia tikus hipoestrogen yang dibandingkan dengan pemberian ekstrak buah kacang panjang tunggal. Penelitian ini menggunakan 32 tikus putih betina Sprague-Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok. Kelompok sham diberikan larutan CMC 0,5, kelompok negatif diberikan larutan CMC 0,5, kelompok positif diberikan raloksifen dosis 1,08 mg/200 g BB, kelompok kacang panjang diberikan ekstrak kacang panjang dosis 100 mg/200 g BB, kelompok dosis diberikan kombinasi ekstrak etanol 70 umbi bawang dayak dan buah kacang panjang dengan variasi dosis berturut-turut 36 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BB, 18 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BB, 9 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BB, dan 4,5 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BB. Ovariektomi dilakukan pada semua kelompok kecuali kelompok sham untuk memperoleh kondisi hipoestrogen. Setelah empat minggu operasi, tikus diberi ekstrak secara peroral setiap hari selama 28 hari. Penetapan kadar kalsium tulang tibia, berat tulang tibia, dan nilai skoring perlemakan sumsum tulang tibia dilakukan pada hari ke-29. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi ekstrak umbi bawang dayak dan buah kacang panjang dapat meningkatkan secara signifikan kadar kalsium tulang dan berat tulang tibia, serta dapat menurunkan nilai skoring perlemakan sumsum tulang tibia lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ekstrak kacang panjang tunggal.

---

The most common of osteoporosis is bone loss due to estrogen hormone deficiency at menopause. Hypoestrogen conditions cause increasing osteoclast activity resulting in bone loss that indicated low level of bone calcium. Hypoestrogen conditions could increase the bone marrow fat resulting in impaired bone formation. Cowpea and dayak onion bulbs extracts are proven have effect on bone, cause the content of daidzein and eleutherinol has been known that have affinity to bind with estrogen receptor selectively. This study aimed to determined the effects of dayak onion bulbs and cowpea extract combination on the level of tibia bone calcium, tibia bone weight, and the scoring of tibia bone marrow fat in the hypoestrogen rats compared with single dose of cowpea extract. This study used 32 female white Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 8 groups. The sham group was given CMC 0,5, negative group was given CMC 0,5, positive group was given raloxifene 1,08 mg 200 g BW, long bean group was given long bean extract 100 mg 200 BW. The dose variation was given 70 ethanolic extract combination of dayak onion bulbs and long bean with four doses variation 36 mg 200 g 100 mg 200 g BW, 18 mg 200 g 100 mg 200 g BW, 9 mg 200 g 100 mg 200 g BW, and 4,5 mg 200 g 100 mg 200 g BW. Ovariectomy was performed on all groups except the sham to obtain the condition of hypoestrogen. Four weeks after the surgery, the rats were treated with an oral administration of extract daily for 28 days. Determination of the levels of tibia bone calcium, tibia bone weight, and the scoring of tibia bone marrow fat counted on day 29. The result showed that dayak onion bulbs and long bean extract combination was able to increase the level of tibia bone calcium and tibia bone weight significantly, and reduced the scoring of tibia bone marrow fat higher than single dose of cowpea extract. "

"ABSTRAKSelective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) untuk sindrom pascamenopause diketahui memiliki efek samping yang lebih minimal dibandingkan dengan terapi sulih hormon, tetapi efektivitasnya dalam mengatasi semua gejala menopause masih belum ideal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkombinasikan ekstrak etanol dari 70% Eleutherina bulbosa (BD) dan Vigna unguiculata (KP) untuk memperoleh efek SERM yang lebih baik terhadap morfologi uterus, histopatologi vagina, dan hot flushes serta untuk melihat profil farmakokinetik equol dari KP yang berperan dalam mengurangi hot flashes. Total 36 tikus Sprague-Dawley betina, 32 tikus diovariektomi (OVX) kecuali kelompok Sham. Tikus dibagi menjadi 9 kelompok: kelompok Sham (CMC 0,5%), negatif (CMC 0,5%), positif (raloksifen 1,08 mg/200g BB), KP (100 mg/200g BB), BD (18 mg/200gBB), D1-D4: dosis KP adalah 100 mg/200 gBW dan BD adalah 36 mg, 18 mg, 9 mg, 4,5 mg/200 gBW. Equol dalam serum tikus dianalisis menggunakan KCKT/UV-Vis dengan kondisi isokratis. Pengamatan hot flashes dilakukan setiap minggu sedangkan berat uterus dan epitelium vagina pada akhir perlakuan. Hasil menunjukkan penurunan rata-rata suhu permukaan kulit ekor kelompok kombinasi D3 dan D4 secara berurutan 1,860,31°C dan 1,830,20°C sedangkan suhu rektal 0,58 0,49°C dan 0,710,28°C. Semua kelompok kecuali Sham tidak meningkatkan berat uterus. Kelompok D3 meningkatkan ketebalan epitel vagina hingga 38,24-6,47 μm. Kombinasi tidak menyebabkan perubahan parameter farmakokinetik equol secara signifikan. Kombinasi dapat mengurangi sindrom pascamenopause pada tikus hipoestrogen tanpa mengubah parameter farmakokinetik equol

---

ABSTRACTSelective Estrogen Receptor modulators (SERMs) for postmenopausal syndromes are believed to have more minimal side effects than hormone replacement therapy, but the effectiveness to resolve it are still not ideal. The aim of this study was to combine ethanol extract of 70% Eleutherina bulbosa (BD) and Vigna unguiculata (KP) to obtain a better SERM effect for uterine morphology, vaginal histopathology, and hot flushes and to see pharmacokinetic profiles of equol from KP. Total of 36 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study, 32 rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and 4 rats were Sham. Rats were divided into 9 groups: Sham group (0.5% CMC), negative (0.5% CMC), positive (1.08 mg/200g BB raloxifene), KP (100 mg/200g BB), BD (18 mg/200gBB), D1-D4: KP dosage is 100 mg/200 gBW and BD is 36 mg, 18 mg, 9 mg, 4.5 mg/200 gBW. Equol in rat serum was analyzed using HPLC/UV-Vis in an isocratic condition. Observation of hot flashes is carried out every week, uterus weight wet and vaginal epithelium at the end of treatment. The results showed that D3 and D4 combination can decrease the average tail skin temperature respectively 1.86±0.31°C and 1.83± 0.20°C and the rectal temperature respectively 0.58±0.49°C and 0.71±0.28°C. All groups except Sham did not increase the weight of the uterus. The D3 group increased vaginal epithelial thickness to 38.24 ± 6.47 μm. The combination did not significantly change equol pharmacokinetic parameters. The combination can reduce postmenopausal syndrome in hypoestrogenic mice without changing equol pharmacokinetic parameters."

"Kandungan fitoestrogen dalam buah kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) dapat mencegah kehilangan massa tulang akibat defisiensi estrogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antiosteoporosis dari ekstrak etanol 70% buah kacang panjang berdasarkan jumlah sel osteoklas pada growth plate tulang trabekular tikus yang telah diovariektomi. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan ovariektomi pada 30 ekor tikus putih betina dan pembedahan tanpa ovariektomi pada 6 ekor tikus betina lainnya. Tikus-tikus ini kemudian dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol negatif yang mendapat CMC 0,5%, kelompok II sebagai kontrol positif yang mendapat larutan natrium alendronat dengan dosis 0,18 mg/200 g BB tikus, kelompok III, IV, dan V merupakan kelompok dosis yang diberikan ekstrak buah kacang panjang dengan dosis berturut-turut, 100; 200; dan 400 mg/200 g BB tikus yang disuspensikan dalam CMC 0,5%, dan kelompok VI sebagai kelompok sham diberikan CMC 0,5%. Pemberian perlakuan dimulai pada hari ke-21 pascaovariektomi dan diberikan perlakuan selama 28 hari. Pada hari ke-29 pasca pemberian ekstrak, tikus dikorbankan dan diukur berat uterusnya serta diambil tulang trabekularnya untuk dibuat menjadi suatu preparat histologi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak buah kacang panjang dapat digunakan sebagai agen antiosteoporosis dengan dosis optimum adalah dosis 100 mg/200 g BB tikus.

---

The content of phytoestrogens in long bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) can prevent loss of bone mass caused by estrogen deficiency. This study aimed to determined the effect antiosteoporosis of 70% ethanolic extract of long bean based on the number of osteoclasts in trabecular bone growth plate that had been ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomy in this study conducted on 30 female white rats and surgery without ovariectomy in female rats 6 others. These rats were divided into 6 groups. Group I as a negative control group which received 0.5% CMC, group II as a positive control group who received a dose of sodium alendronate solution of 0.18 mg/200 g BW rats, group III, IV, and V is the dose given long bean extracts length with successive doses, 100; 200; and 400 mg/200 g BW rats suspended in 0.5% CMC, and the group VI as a sham group given 0.5% CMC. Provision of treatment started at day-21 pascaovariektomi and given treatment for 28 days. On day 29 after received the extract, the rats were sacrificed and uterus weight were measured and taken his trabecular to be made into a histological preparations. This study showed that administration of long bean extract can be used as an antiosteoporosis agent, the optimum dose is the dose of 100 mg/200 g BW rats."

"Indonesia is the second world producer of palm oil after Malaysia. Beside production of the palm oil, the industry is also yields a huge of amounts of palm kernel meal (PKM or Bungkil sawit). Utilization of PKM is still limited for cosmetic industrial and margarine. Hem et al. 2008a reported that PKM fermentation was used to bioconversion of maggot larvae. The most popular insect used in this particular case is the Black Soldier (BS) fly, Hermetia illucens L (maggot) (Stratiomyidae, Diptera). Hermetia illucens L. is a non-pest tropical and warm-temperate insect that has been found useful for managing large concentrations of bio-solids as well as other by-products and wastes (O'Mara et al.1999; Choct 2001). Many research studies on the larvae of Hermetia illucens L. have also been conducted in Southeast Asian countries and expanded in Indonesia. As previously reported, Hermetia illucens L. has been found effective in reducing the mass of solid wastes (Lim et al. 2001).Research study of Palm Kernel Meal conversion and bacterial succession by Hermetia illucens L. larvae (maggot). The objective of this research are: to observed how to PKM conversion occured, isolation the bacteria, study bacterial succession, to observe changing of physical parameters of substrate and storage room, and analyze the proximate value. The study consists of two part: (1) to describe the process of PKM bioconversion. (2) to describe bacterial succession by Hermetia illucens L. larvae (maggot). The research was carried out at the Loka Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Air Tawar; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Laboratory, Depok; Microbiology Laboratory -Department of Biology, FMIPA, University of Indonesia, Depok during July 2008 -- June 2009. The study of the Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) naturally conversion of Hermetia illusens L. larvae was carried out. The substrate of PKM was added by sterilized water with the composition of 1:2 (Hem et al. 2008a). The natural conversion was done for 7 days. Sampling and isolation bacteria from PKM bioconversion was carried out every day. The isolation of bacteria was done with dilution methods by Otoguro (2006) and purification was carried out with quadrant methods by Cappucino and Sherman (2002)."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) yang difermentasi selama 7 hari secara alami tanpa penambahan inokulum yang hasilnya disebut dengan PKMK. Produk fermentasi ditambahkan dengan telur Hermetia illucens L. (Maggot) dan diinkubasi selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kenaikan berat dan panjang maggot. Analisis proksimat menunjukkan kenaikan berat kering, nitrogen total dan serat, tetapi terjadi penurunan lemak dan abu.

---

Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) was naturally fermented for 7 days without any addition of inoculum mentioned as Palm Kernel Meal conversion (PKMK). It was added with eggs of Hermetia illucens L. and incubated for 14 days. The results showed that the maggot had increased in mass weight and lenght at the end of the experiment. The proximate analysis of the PKMK showed an increasing of dry content, total nitrogen and fiber, however decreasing of lipid and ash"

"Kacang panjang (Vignaunguiculata) merupakan tanaman popular dalam dunia kuliner namun memiliki khasiat di setiap bagian tanaman. Contohnya pada daunnya digunakan secara tradisional dalam jamu kuno bernama Au Fere II berasal dari Maluku berkhasiat sebagai antihipertensi atau mengatasi tekanan darah tinggi. Secara sederhana obat berprinsip “satu obat,satu penyakit” berakibat dalam penemuan obat terbaru mengalami perlambatan sehingga efektivitas terapi menurun. Dengan hadirnya jejaring farmakologi layaknya jamu dengan terobosan terbaru dari sistem biologi, bioinformatika dapat menggantikan prinsip menjadi berdasarkan teori jaringan dan sistem biologi “jaringan target, banyaknya senyawa dalam terapi”. Sehingga efektif dalam membangun hubungan senyawa-target dan target-penyakit. Atas dasar ini, peneliti bertujuan mengungkapkan khasiat dari senyawa daun kacang panjang sebagaimana penggunaan tradisionalnya dengan metode jejaring farmakologi serta dibangunnya jaringan “senyawa-target” serta “target-penyakit” sehingga efektif untuk mencari keterkaitannya. Hasil dari pembuatan metode ini didapatkan 11 senyawa, 17 target, 188 penyakit dalam 24 kategori penyakit. Jumlah terbanyak kategori penyakit adalah penyakit syaraf, genetic, fenotipe. Sesuai dengan penggunaan tradisional, terbukti daun kacang panjang berkhasiat sebagai antihipertensi dengan terbentuknya jaringan dari 7 senyawa, 4 target, 23 penyakit terkait pada penyakit kardiovaskular. Dengan didapatkannya hasil tersebut, peneliti berhasil mengungkapkan khasiat senyawa pada daun kacang panjang dengan terbentuknya jaringan dan hubungannya beserta rincian komponen pendukung proses ini.

---

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is popular plant in culinary world but has properties in every part of plant. Example, leaves traditionally used in ancient herb, Au Fere II from Maluku has antihypertensive or treats high blood pressure. In simple terms, medicine has principle "one drug, one disease" resulting in discovery of latest drugs slowing down so that effectiveness of therapy decreases. And existence of network pharmacology like herbal with breakthroughs in biological systems, bioinformatics, network theory can replace principle "target network, many compounds in therapy". Effective in establishing compound-target and disease-target relationships. On this basis, researchers aim to reveal the efficacy of cowpea leaves compounds as traditional use with network pharmacology and construction "compound-target" and "disease-target" networks so effective in finding links. Results of method obtained 11 compounds, 17 targets, 188 diseases in 24 categories. Highest number of disease categories are neurological, genetic, phenotype diseases. Accordance with traditional use, cowpea leaves are proven to be efficacious as antihypertensives by forming network of 7 compounds, 4 targets, 23 diseases related to cardiovascular disease. By obtaining results, researchers were able to reveal the efficacy of compounds in cowpea leaves with formation of networks and relationships, along with details of components supporting this process."