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"Mechanical alloying adalah suatu proses metalurgi serbuk yang dikembangkan pada tahun 1966 oleh John Benjamin yang bekerja di International Nickel Company (INCO) untuk memproduksi superalloy nickel based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) untuk aplikasi turbin gas. Proses mechanical alloying dapat membuat suatu serbuk yang berkualitas dan senyawa dengan mikrostruktur dan morfologi yang terkontrol melalui cold welding, fracture, dan rewelding. Pada penelitian ini, high-energy ball mill digunakan untuk membuat paduan Al2-Cu dari Al dan Cu yang memiliki komposisi Al-10 wt% Cu . Serbuk yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dan Energy Dispersive X-Ray yang bertujuan untuk melihat ukuran butir, komposisi yang dihasilkan, dan untuk melihat apakah Cu hadir sebagai solid solution atau sebagai partikel kecil yang terpisah. Perhitungan ukuran butir dilakukan ntuk menghitung diameter rata-rata dari butir, untuk melihat pangaruh waktu milling terhadap penghalusan butir. Dengan waktu milling 16 jam diperoleh ukuran butir sebesar 433.795 nm. Dari percobaan yang dilakukan diperoleh data bahwa dengan melakukan milling selama 16 jam, Cu sudah mulai berdifusi dengan Al untuk membentuk paduan Al2Cu dan membentuk solid solution.

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Mechanical alloying is a powder processing technique that was developed in the mid 1960s by John Benjamin who works at International Nickel Company (INCO) to produce nickel based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) superalloys for gas turbine applications. Mechanical alloying can prodece quality powders of alloys and compounds with well-controlled microstructure and morphology, is the repeated welding, fracture, and rewelding of the reactant mixed powders. In this work, Al and Cu elemental powders were subjected to high-energy milling to produce Al-10 wt% Cu powder alloy. The powder obtained were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dan Energy Dispersive X-Ray aiming to observe grain size, composition of powder and to explore if the copper is present in solid solution or as small particles after high-energy milling. Measurement of grain size aiming to calculate the average diameter of grain, and to observed the effect of milling time to reduction size of grain. With 16 hours of milling time, the grain size become 433.795 nm. From the tests resluts, with 16 hours of milling time, Cu powder starts to difuse with Al powder to produce Al2Cu alloys, by forming solid solution state."

"In this research, analysis of the magnetic properties of the nanoscale ferromagnetic material barium strontium hexaferrite with the composition of Ba(0.7)Sr(0.3)O6(Fe2O3) or written as B7S3HF is conducted. The material was prepared by the ball mill method, followed by reducing the particle sizes of the material to reach a result in nanometers with a high pressure ultrasonic for 12 hours. In the compacting process, a parameter was given from the outside of the 50 mT magnetic field to determine the cause of the anisotropy phenomenon of the material. To identify the phase of material, changes in the magnetic properties and measurement of the Particle Size of the B7S3HF material were taken. The equipment used was X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Permagraph (an automatic computer-contolled measuring system) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The results of XRD were seen in their influence against the Buffered Hydrofluoric (BHF) acid, which were caused by the effects of the Strontium (Sr) substitution and by increasing the size of the material volume. Changes in the magnetic properties of the B7S3HF material, due to an induced magnetic field from the outside, were caused in contrast with the remanent value ranging from 0.18 T up to 0.249 T, respectively. This process did not occur, since the coersivity value was fixed at 275.54 kAm-1. Changes in the value of the remanent material rose by 0.069 T or (6.9%). This phenomenon shows the anisotropy influence in the B7S3HF material in an external magnetic induction of 50 mT. The results of the ultrasonic measurements were performed using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) equipment, which gained a 43.5 nm particle size."

"Tantangan dalam pengembangan implant permanen tulang dan gigi berbasis titanium (Ti) adalah meminimalisir unsur paduan yang bersifat toxic. Paduan yang saat ini paling banyak digunakan secara klinis adalah Ti-6Al-4V. Unsur Al and V bersifat toxic dan berpotensi menimbulkan reaksi alergi. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, dikembangkan paduan metastabil β-Ti yang memiliki sifat non-alergi, modulus elastisitas rendah, dan ketahanan korosi yang baik. Dalam penelitian ini, paduan metastabil TiNbSn difabrikasi dengan metode arc melting dengan variasi konsentrasi Sn 2, 5 dan 8 wt%. Remelting dilakukan sebanyak 5x untuk mendistribusikan unsur dalam paduan secara merata. Selanjutnya paduan diberi perlakuan solution treatment pada suhu 1000°C selama 6 jam. Pengaruh konsentrasi Sn terhadap mikrostruktur, sifat mekanik, dan sifat korosi diteliti masing-masing menggunakan mikroskop elektron, uji hardness dan modulus, dan uji elektrokimia. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa paduan TiNb memiliki dua fasa yaitu β dan α. Fasa α berkurang dengan penambahan konsentrasi Sn dalam paduan. Selain itu, ukuran butir logam paduan TiNb dengan rata-rata 256 µm membesar seiring dengan kenaikan konsentrasi Sn dalam paduan menjadi 446, 379, dan 384 µm. Berkurangnya fasa α dan perbesaran ukuran butir menyebabkan turunnya nilai kekerasan dan modulus elastisitas paduan. Paduan TiNb memiliki kekerasan 292,6 HV yang kemudian turun menjadi 254,8; 267,0; 266,6 HV dengan penambahan Sn masing-masing 2, 5 dan 8 wt%. Nilai modulus elastisitasn TiNb sebesar 121.4 GPa turun drastic menjadi 95.4; 108.2; dan 103.8 GPa pada paduan yang mengandung Sn 2, 5, dan 8 wt%. Uji potensial korosi bebas, open circuit potential (OCP), menunjukkan penurunan nilai OCP dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi Sn dalam paduan. Uji polarisasi potensiodinamik menunjukkan penurunan drastis nilai potensial korosi TiNb dari -0,28 VAg/AgCl menjadi -0,52 dan -0,44 VAg/AgCl dengan penambahan 2 dan 8 wt% Sn dalam paduan. Namun, penambahan 5 wt% Sn relatif tidak merubah nilai potensial korosi paduan TiNb. Hal yang sama diperoleh pada uji electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) yang menunjukkan nilai kurva impedansi yang sama antara TiNb dan TiNb-5Sn dibandingkan dengan TiNb-2Sn dan TiNb-8Sn yang menunjukkan penurunan impendansi secara signifikan.

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The challenge in developing titanium-based (Ti) permanent bone and tooth implants is to minimize toxic elements of the alloy. The alloy that is currently most widely used clinically is Ti-6Al-4V. Al and V elements are toxic and have the potential to cause allergic reactions. To overcome this problem, metastable β-Ti alloys were developed which have non-allergic properties, low elastic modulus, and good corrosion resistance. In this study, TiNbSn metastable alloys were fabricated using the arc melting method with variations in Sn 2, 5 and 8 wt% concentrations. Remelting is done as much as 5 times to distribute the elements in the alloy evenly. Furthermore, the alloy was solution treated at a temperature of 1000 ° C for 6 hours. The effect of Sn concentrations on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion properties were studied using electron microscopy, hardness and modulus tests, and electrochemical tests respectively. XRD analysis shows that TiNb alloys have two phases namely Î and α. The α phase decreases with the addition of the Sn concentration in the alloy. In addition, the grain size of TiNb alloy metal with an average of 256 µm enlarged along with the increase in Sn in alloy concentration to 446, 379, and 384 µm. Reduced α phase and enlargement of grain size caused a decrease in hardness value and elastic modulus of alloy. TiNb alloy has a hardness of 292.6 HV which then drops to 254.8; 267.0; 266.6 HV with the addition of Sn each of 2, 5 and 8 wt%. The elastic modulus of TiNb was 121.4 GPa which dropped dramatically to 95.4; 108.2; and 103.8 GPa on alloys containing Sn 2, 5 and 8 wt%. Free corrosion potential test, open circuit potential (OCP), shows a decrease in OCP value with increasing concentration of Sn in alloy. Potentiodynamic polarization test showed a drastic decrease in the value of TiNb corrosion potential from -0.28 VAg / AgCl to -0.52 and -0.44 VAg / AgCl with the addition of 2 and 8 wt% Sn in the alloy. However, the addition of 5 wt% Sn relative did not change the value of the TiNb alloy corrosion potential. The same was obtained from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test which showed the same impedance curve value between TiNb and TiNb-5Sn compared to TiNb-2Sn and TiNb-8Sn which showed a significant decrease in impedance. "

"Mechanical alloying merupakan teknik metalurgi serbuk yang dikembangkan oleh John Benjamin pada pertengahan 1960an untuk menghasilkan nickel-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) superalloys untuk aplikasi turbin gas. Proses ini meliputi dari pengulangan cold welding, fracturing dan rewelding dari partikel serbuk dalam suatu high-energy ball mill sehingga menghasilkan fasa alloy. Pada penelitian ini, high-energy ball mill digunakan untuk menghasilkan serbuk alloy Al-10 wt% Cu dengan mencampur serbuk Al dan Cu. Pengujian komposisi (XRD) dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) bertujuan untuk melihat apakah Cu hadir sebagai solid solution atau sebagai partikel kecil yang terpisah. Untuk itu selain pengujian SEM dan XRD juga perlu dilakukan pengujian DSC.Puncak eksotermik yang diperoleh dari pengujian DSC menunjukkan terjadinya presipitasi AlCu4 pada temperatur 330°C sampai 400°C. Hasil ini diverivikasi dengan pengujian XRD. Pengujian densitas, porositas dan kekerasan dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu milling dan sintering terhadap densitas, porositas dan kekerasan sampel sebelum dan setelah disintering.Dari data pengujian dapat disimpulkan penambahan waktu milling dapat meningkatkan densitas dan kekerasan dan mengurangi porositas. Sintering juga dapat meningkatkan densitas dan mengurangi porositas. Pembentukan solid solution terjadi pada sampel dengan waktu milling 16 jam setelah disintering pada temperatur 500°C.

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Mechanical alloying is a powder processing technique that was developed in the mid 1960s by John Benjamin to produce nickel based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) superalloys for gas turbine applications. The processing involves repeated cold welding, fracturing, and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill resulting in the formation of alloy phase. In this work, Al and Cu elemental powders were subjected to high-energy milling to produce Al-10 wt% Cu powder alloy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to explore if the copper is present in solid solution or as small particles after high-energy milling.

The results of scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction are non-conclusive: the copper could be dispersed with a very small size, undetectable to both techniques. The AlCu4 precipitation at temperature 330°C to 400°C, verified by DSC and XRD analysis, substantiated that mechanical alloying had produced a solid solution of copper in aluminium. Several tests consist of density, porosity and hardness tests were conducted to investigate the relation between milling time and sintering to density, porosity and hardness before and after sintering.

From the tests can be concluded that the increase in milling time will increase density and hardness and reduce porosity. Sintering will also increase density and reduce porosity. The formation of solid solution occured after 16 hours of milling followed by sintering at temperature 500°C."

"Barium atau Strontium Hexaferrite (SrFe12O19 , SHF) telah digunakan secara luas sebagai magnet permanen karena memiliki sifat kemagnetan yang baik dan stabil secara kimia sehingga memenuhi persyaratan pada berbagai aplikasi. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan rekayasa struktur internal material untuk peningkatan sifat kemagnetan material SHF terutama remanen dan koersifitasnya dengan membuat suatu komposit sistem SHF+(a-Fe). Metode yang digunakan dalam preparasi material SHF adalah metode Mechanical Alloying (MA) yang diikuti oleh perlakuan sintering atau pemanasan pada temperatur tinggi mencapai 1100 oC. Sebelum hadirnya partikel a-Fe, material dengan fasa tunggal SrFe12O19 memperlihatkan loop histeresis magnet permanen dengan magnetisasi remanen sebesar ~0,16 T dan koersifitas ~ 350 kA.m-1. Perlakuan sintering dalam suasana steril terhadap material komposit sistem SHF+(a-Fe) baik itu dengan partikel a-Fe berukuran partikel rata-rata dalam orde mikron maupun nanometer yang diterapkan telah menyebabkan dekomposisi dan oksidasi fasa. Kontak antar partikel penyusun komposit telah memfasilitasi oksidasi fasa Fe oleh kandungan atom oksigen yang terdapat dalam fasa utama. Pembentukan fasa oksida Fe berlangsung relatif mudah disertai dekomposisi fasa kaya atom oksigen menjadi fasa minim oksigen Sr2Fe2O5. Sifat kemagnetan material komposit, yang terdiri dari fasa dekomposisi Sr2Fe2O5 dan oksidasi fasa Fe menjadi FeO dan Fe3O4, bersifat magnet lunak.

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Barium or Strontium Hexaferrite (SrFe12O19, SHF) has been widely used as permanent magnets because it has good magnetic properties and chemically stable which are then suitable for various applications. In the current studies we report our recent findings on improvement of magnetic properties especially remanent magnetization and coercivity of composite SHF+(a-Fe) system. The method used in the preparation of SHF material is mechanical alloying (MA) followed by sintering treatments at high temperatures up to 1100 oC. Before the presence of a-Fe particles which was indicated by a single-phase structure material, SrFe12O19 based sample showed a typical permanent magnet hysteresis loop with remanent magnetization of ~ 0.16 T and the coercivity ~ 350 kA.m-1. Although, sintering treatments have been carried out under sterile atmospheres to the composite magnets, the decomposition of SHF and oxidation of a-Fe were unavoidable. The oxidation occurred in composites with a-Fe particles of average particle size in the order of microns and nanometers. Physical contact between the a-Fe particles and SHF was responsible to the effects. As the sintering treatment was applied to the composite, the contact has facilitated the oxidation of Fe phases together with decomposition of SrFe12O19 phase into Sr2Fe2O5 and thus the internal material was enriched with oxygen. It is concluded that the formation of Fe oxides phase within the composite structure is relatively easy that occurred simultaneously with the formation of reduced SrFe12O19 phase and have lead to the new composite structure consisted of Sr2Fe2O5, FeO and Fe3O4. Consequently, the magnetic properties of composite magnets changed from hard to soft. "

"Baja Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) merupakan jenis baja yang diperkuat oleh dispersi oksida. Salah satu oksida yang dapat didispersikan adalah yttria (Y?O?). Pencampuran bahan prekursor dilakukan menggunakan metode metalurgi serbuk. Proses pemaduan mekanik dengan penggilingan (milling), utamanya sangat dipengaruhi waktu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu milling terhadap ukuran butir dan pembentukan fasa austenitik pada serbuk prekursor FeNiCr - Y?O? dengan variasi waktu 10, 20 dan 30 jam. Planetary Ball Mill dengan parameter proses: ball to powder ratio (BPR) 12:1 dan frekuensi putar 25 hz digunakan untuk menggiling serbuk prekursor. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan mikroskop elektron (SEM-EDS) dan difraksi sinar-X (XRD) untuk mengamati ukuran butir dan fase yang terbentuk. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa analisis pola difraksi hanya menunjukkan fasa kristal ?-Fe (BCC) dan Nikel (FCC). Meskipun fasa austenitik tidak terbentuk, semakin lama waktu milling, ukuran butir rata-rata serbuk prekursor FeNiCr- Y?O? semakin kecil.

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Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel is a type of steel strengthened by oxide dispersion. One of the oxides that can be dispersed is yttria (Y?O?). Mixing of precursor materials is carried out using the powder metallurgy method. The process of mechanical alloying by milling is mainly influenced by time. This study aims to determine the effect of milling time on grain size and austenitic phase formation in FeNiCr - Y?O? precursor powders with time variations of 10, 20 and 30 hours. Planetary Ball Mill with process parameters: ball to powder ratio (BPR) 12:1 and rotating frequency 25hz was used to grind the precursor powder. Characterization was performed by electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to observe the grain size and phases formed. The results showed that the diffraction pattern analysis showed only ?-Fe (BCC) and Nickel (FCC) crystal phases. Although the austenitic phase is not formed, the longer the milling time, the smaller the average grain size of the FeNiCr- Y?O? precursor powder."