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"Maraknya penggunaan baja ringan (cold-formed steel) untuk rangka kuda - kuda sebagai pengganti kayu di Indonesia akhir-akhir ini perlu dicermati. Hal ini disebabkan karena belum tersedianya peraturan desain mengenai penggunaan baja ringan di Indonesia, sehingga desain atap baja ringan hanya dapat dilakukan oleh ahli struktur. Seringnya pemberitaan di media mengenai keruntuhan rangka atap baja ringan di beberapa tempat perlu dicermati. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan tipe profil baja ringan tipe C dan Z yang akan digunakan untuk rangka kuda-kuda rumah tinggal. Adapun parameter-parameter yang divariasikan yaitu : bentangan kuda-kuda, jarak antar kuda-kuda, jarak a, tipe kuda-kuda, dan jenis material penutup atap. Dari jenis variasi permodelan kuda-kuda yang dibuat akan dikeluarkan suatu kesimpulan mengenai desain kuda-kuda yang aman.

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Nowadays cold-formed steel most used as replacement of timber roof truss need to be researched more. This is because Indonesia doesn't have a standard for designing a cold formed steel, so the design of the cold formed steel can only be done by the structural engineer. Many news in newspaper or television said that a failure of the roof trusses from cold formed steel material.

This research is about studying the behavior of cold formed type profile and to compare type C and type Z for the roof truss purpose. The parameter that will be variated such as span of the roof truss, space between roof truss, space of a, type of the roof truss, and type of material which cover the roof truss. From this research, we conclude and make a recommendation about the safe design of roof truss."

"Baja ringan sebagai pengganti rangka kuda-kuda atap kayu makin banyak digunakan di Indonesia. Selain relatif lebih murah karena harga kayu yang mahal, baja ringan juga mempunyai kekuatan yang lebih baik dari kayu. Namun Indonesia akhir-akhir ini mengalami banyak bencana, di antaranya adalah gempa. Banyak atap rumah yang menggunakan rangka atap baja ringan ini runtuh. Runtuhnya rangka atap tersebut dikarenakan kegagalan tekuk yang terjadi pada baja ringan, terutama tekuk lokal. Untuk mengurangi atau meminimalisasikan kegagalan tekuk yang terjadi, maka dilakukan pelapisan pada baja ringan tersebut dengan menggunakan mortar. Baja ringan yang telah dilapisi mortar kemudian di uji tekan dan lentur dengan model kolom dan balok sederhana. Hasil ini kemudian dibandingkan dengan baja ringan biasa dengan perlakuan yang sama. Dengan demikian, diharapkan pelapis dapat meminimalisasikan kegagalan tekuk yang terjadi pada baja ringan sekaligus menambah kekuatan pada baja ringan yang telah menjadi komposit.

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Nowadays cold-formed steel most used as replacement of timber roof truss. In addition to relatively cheaper because the price of an expensive wood, cold-formed steel also has a better strength of wood. But recently Indonesia got many disasters, earthquake. Many roof truss made of cold-formed steel collapse. This is because of buckling failure due to the load worked in it, especially local buckling. To minimize buckling failure, light coating with mortar applied at cold-formed steel. Then cold-formed steel coated by mortar tested for compression and bending with simple column and beam model. These results are then compared with ordinary cold-formed steel with the same treatment. Thus, the coating can be expected to minimize the buckling failure occurs in cold-formed steel and adds strength to the cold-formed steel which has been a composite."

"Keberadaan atap pada rumah ataupun bangunan lainnya sangat penting mengingat fungsinya untuk melindungi seluruh ruangan yang ada di bawahnya terhadap pengaruh cuaca (panas, hujan, angin). Saat ini di dunia konstruksi kita mengenal material rangka atap kayu, baja konvensional atau berat dan rangka atap baja ringan. Studi ini berusaha mencoba mengeksplorasi manfaat sistem rangka atap baja ringan dibandingkan dengan cara konvensional, terutama terhadap biaya pertama (initial cost) sehingga keuntungan dari sistem rangka baja ringan dengan kayu konvensional sudah tidak dibahas lagi. Perhitungan terhadap biaya pertama (initial cost) bukan merupakan biaya perhitungan - mutlak - dari beberapa studi kasus yang ada melainkan untuk mendapatkan - trend - khusus dari jenis rangka atap baja ringan mana yang memberikan kemungkinan biaya pertama (initial cost) pembuatannya mengimbangi atau bahkan lebih murah daripada rangka atap kayu. Metodologi penelitian yang dipakai penulis adalah dengan studi kasus, dengan membandingkan kedua sistem rangka atap dalam hal ini menggunakan software Pryda Roof untuk menghitung kebutuhan material dari masing masing jenis rangka atap yang diteliti. Dalam studi ini akan dibahas beberapa jenis bentuk rangka atap dan membandingkannya dari segi metode, biaya, mutu, waktu dan keamanan dari kedua sistem rangka atap ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, secara keseluruhan rangka atap baja ringan pryda lebih unggul daripada rangka atap kayu konvensional tetapi dari segi biaya rangka atap pryda lebih mahal daripda rangka atap kayu konvensional.

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Roof or other construction is really important since its function to protect the whole chambers under it from the weather (hot, rain, wind). Today, in a construction world we are familiar with timber roof construction, conventional heavy steel roof construction, and light-weight steel roof construction. This study is trying to explore the advantage of the light-weight roof construction system in comparison with the conventional one, concerning to the initial cost so the profit of the light-weight roof construction and the conventional one will not be discussed anymore. The calculation through the initial cost is not an absolute cost calculation from some case studies, but it's only the way to get the special trend which one of this light-weight roof construction that will present the possibility of the manufacture initial cost causes balance or cheaper than the timber roof construction.

The research method uses the case study by comparing these two roof construction system and using the Pryda Roof software and SAP to calculate the needs of material of each roof construction concerned. In this study will be discussed some kind of roof construction system with the covering of the roof is ceramic roof-tile, and compared these two roof construction system to the cost, quality and time. These on the research, pryda light steel system is better than conventional timber roof but the cost is higger."

"Hanggar adalah sebuah struktur bangunan yang mempunyai atap tertutup diatasnya, berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan dan perawatan pesawat. Pada penelitian ini perencanaan hanggar digunakan untuk mengetahui perilaku struktur sistem rangka dan sistem rigid frame atau portal dengan material baja. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah bangunan A adalah bangunan yang memiliki sistem rangka dengan perletakkan portal 3 sendi, bangunan B adalah bangunan yang memiliki sistem portal dengan perletakkan sendi, serta bangunan C adalah bangunan yang memiliki sistem portal dengan sistem perletakkan jepit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bangunan A menggunakan profil 2L 80x80x6 dan 2L 70x70x6 (double angles) dan bangunan B menggunakan profil WF 300x150, WF 400x200, dan WF 500x200 (wide flange). Struktur rangka baja membutuhkan komponen baja dengan profil lebih kecil dan ringan dibandingkan dengan kebutuhan baja untuk strutkur baja dengan sistem portal.

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Hangar is a building structure that has a roof covered on top of it, functions as aircraft maintenance and storage area. On this research, hangar planning was used to know the behavior of the structural truss system and the rigid frame system. The variations that was done were : building A was a building that had truss system with three hinged connections, building B was a building that had frame system with two hinged support, while building C was a building that had frame system with two fixed support. The results showed that building A used 2L 80x80x6 and 2L 70x70x6 (double angles) profiles and building B used WF 300x150, WF 400x200, and WF 500x200 (wide flange) profiles. Steel truss structures required steel components with smaller and lighter profiles compared to the steel for the frame system structure."

"ABSTRAKPenggunaan baja ringan sangat diminati dewasa ini. Namun tebatasnya acuan penggunaan secara khusus pada baja ringan di Indonesia, menyebabkan terbatasnya penggunaan elemen baja ringan secara luas. Salah satu metode penggunaan elemen struktur adalah metode komposit. Untuk menggambarkan peningkatan utilitas pada baja ringan, dilakukan pengujian lentur secara monotonik terhadap spesimen balok komposit baja ringan dan spesimen balok beton bertulang sebagai pembanding.Pada penelitian ini struktur balok komposit terdiri dari tiga variasi bentuk penghubung geser, yaitu balok komposit dengan kemiringan sayap baja ringan, penghubung geser mekanik pendek, dan penghubung geser mekanik tinggi sebagai penghubung geser. Variasi dari penghubung geser bertujuan untuk menggambarkan kenaikan kapasitas maksimum. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pula perilaku komposit (parsial shear connection ? full shear connection) dengan melihat kemungkinan adanya slip.

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AbstractNowadays, the use of cold formed steel is in great demand. However, the limited use of special instructions on cold-formed steel in Indonesia, led to limited use of lightweight steel elements widely. One of the methods of use is composite structural elements method. To illustrate the increase in utility of cold-formed steel, monotonic bending tests performed on composite specimens of cold-formed steel beam and reinforced concrete beam specimens as a comparison.In this study, the composite beam structure consists of three variations of the shear connector, which is a composite beam with a tilted flange of cold-formed steel, short mechanical shear connector, and high mechanical shear connector as the interface shear. Variation of shear connector aims to describe the increase of maximum capacity. From the research results can also be concluded, the behavior of the composite (partial shear connection - full shear connection) by looking at the possibility of slippage."

"Penggunaan baja dalam bidang konstruksi di Indonesia, menuntut insinyur dan praktisi untuk mengembangkan teknologi konstruksi yang efisien, salah satu baja yang banyak digunakan adalah penggunaan baja ringan. Material baja ringan lebih sering digunakan untuk rangka atap atau kuda-kuda. Pada struktur rangka batang, jarak batang vertikal berpengaruh terhadap panjang tekuk yang memikul beban tekan. Jika panjang tekuk terlalu panjang maka terjadi tekuk lokal yang menyebakan masalah pada kukuatan rangka sehingga dapat terjadi kegagalan struktur. Pada pemodelan ini menggunakan dimensi profil channel 150.75.8.1 pada rangka batang tepi sejajar dengan bentang panjang 10m. Model menggunakan konfigurasi rangka batang Howe, Pratt, K-truss dan Mirror K-truss. Perpendekan panjang tekuk dengan bentang L/3 dan L/4. Sudut yang digunakan dalam model analisa yaitu 15o dan 20o. Perhitungan menggunakan standar SNI 7971:2013 dengan AISI S100-16, dimana standar tersebut mempunyai beberapa perbedaan rumus dan analisa, sehingga dapat mempengaruhi hasil desain. Hasil analisa yang dilakukan menggunakan bahasa Julia, didapatkan sebagai alternatif desain, konfigurasi rangka batang Pratt memiliki berat lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan konfigurasi lainnya. Lendutan minimum terjadi pada rangka batang K-truss dengan panjang tekuk L/4 yaitu sebesar 2.64 mm. Studi lebih lanjut, pada area tekan rangka batang perlu diperkuat dengan adanya pengaku, dimana pengaku tersebut berfungsi untuk meminimalisir terjadinya kegagalan tekuk.

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The use of steel in the construction sector in Indonesia requires engineers and practitioners to develop efficient construction technology, one of the steels that is widely used is the use of mild steel. Mild steel material is more often used for roof frames or trusses. In the truss structure, the vertical bar spacing affects the buckling length that carries the compressive load. If the buckling length is too long, local buckling will occur which causes problems in the strength of the frame so that structural failure can occur. In this modeling, the channel profile dimensions are 150.75.8.1 on parallel trusses with a 10m long span. Models use Howe, Pratt, K-truss and Mirror K-truss truss configurations. Shorten the buckling length with L/3 and L/4 spans. The angles used in the analysis model are 15o and 20o. The calculation uses the SNI 7971:2013 standard with AISI S100-16, where the standard has several different formulas and analysis, so that it can affect the design results. The results of the analysis are carried out using the Julia language where calculations can be carried out quickly and the analysis is transparent. The analysis results obtained as an alternative design, the Pratt truss configuration has a smaller weight compared to other configurations. The minimum deflection occurs in the K-truss truss with a bending length of L/4, which is 2.64 mm. Further study, the compression area of the truss needs to be strengthened with a stiffener, where the stiffener serves to minimize the occurrence of buckling failure."

"Computed Tomography (CT) merupakan modalitas sinar-X untuk membuat citra organ dalam tiga dimensi. Akuisisi citra dilakukan dengan perputaran tabung sinar-X yang disertai gerakan meja, sehingga tabung mengelilingi pasien dalam bentuk spiral. Gerakan meja pasien persatu rotasi gantry dibagi lebar kolimator pada isocenter dikenal dengan pitch, yang berpengaruh pada kualitas citra maupun dosis radiasi pada pasien. Telah diobservasi profil ditribusi dosis sepanjang sumbu-Z fantom simulasi toraks in house berbentuk silinder elips dengan ukuran 28 cm × 21 cm dan panjang 22 cm. Fantom terbuat dari bahan PMMA dengan Hounsfield Unit (123,10 ± 3,96 HU) dilengkapi dengan objek simulasi paru dari gabus patah (-790,60 ± 15,55 HU), dan tulang belakang dari material teflon dengan (918,60 ± 7,35) balok dan silinder untuk tempat film gafchromic ukuran 1 cm x 25 cm. Posisi film ditandai dengan 1-9 dengan koordinat berturut turut (0, 0), (5, 0), (10, 0), (-5, 0), (-10, 0), (0, 4), (0, 8), (0,-4), (0,-8). Citra fantom diakuisisi dengan kondisi eksposi 120 kV,100 mAs dan pitch 0,8, 1,0, dan 1,5. Dosis minimum terjadi pada awal dan akhir scan untuk seluruh profil dan nilai pitch, dosis rata-rata material paru (2, 3, 4, dan 5) dalam rentang (2,49-2,90) mGy untuk pitch 0,8 dan (2,36-2,88) mGy untuk pitch 1,0, serta (2,33-2,74) mGy untuk pitch 1,5, relatif lebih rendah disbanding dengan pada jaringan lunak dan tulang. Dosis maksimum selalu terjadi di pertengahan sumbu-Z. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan pitch 0,8 dan 1,0 tidak memberikan perbedaan dosis yang signifikan dan menurunkan dosis rata-rata pada pitch 1,5. Selain itu dosis maksimum tidak selalu terjadi di pertengahan sumb-z dikarenakan oleh material isotropis.

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Computed Tomography (CT) is an X-ray modality for scanning organ in three dimensional images. Image acquisition is performed by rotating X-ray tube that match with table movements, there by the tube can cover patient body in a spiral scan. Patient table movements by gantry rotation divided by the width of the collimator on the isocenter is known as a pitch, which affects the image quality and radiation dose in the patient. A dose distribution profile has been observed along the z-axis of the in-house thorax phantom simulation in an elliptical cylinder form with the size of 28 cm x 21 cm and 22 cm length. Phantom is made from PMMA with Hounsfield Unit (123.10 ± 3.96 HU) was equipped with a lungs simulation object using a cork (-790.60 ± 15.55 HU), a spine using Teflon material (918.6 ± 7.35 HU), and 9 bar and a cylinder to place 1 cm x 25 cm gafchromic films. The position of the film was marked with point position 1-9 for the series of coordinates (0,0), (5, 0), (10, 0), (-5, 0), (-10, 0), (0, 4), (0, 8), (0,-4), (0, -8) cm. The phantom images was performed with an exposure condition by 120 kV, 100 mAs and pitch variations (0.8, 1.0 and 1.5). The minimum dose occured at the beginning and end of the scan for all profiles and pitch values. The average dose of lung material (2, 3, 4, and 5) in the range (2.49-2.90) mGy for pitch 0.8, (2.36-2.88) mGy for pitch 1.0 and (2.33-2.74) mGy for pitch 1.5. The dose in lung was relatively lower compared to the dose in soft tissue and bone. The maximum dose always occur in the middle of the z-axis. It can be concluded that the use of pitch 0.8 and 1.0 did not provide a significant dose difference and reduced the average dose on pitch 1.5. Moreover, the maximum dose does not always occur in the middle of the z-axis due to an isotropic material."

"Cold formedsteel has relatively high width-to-thickness ratio elements, which causes it tobuckle easily. Combining it with timber laminas would be an effective solutionfor reducing this buckling problem. This research focuses on the connectionsystem of a cold formed steel-timber composite, which was obtainedby attaching several timber laminas to the web part of cold formedsteel using screws. The connection used two bolts that were 8 mm in diameter,as well as two different kinds of side plates: steel and plywood. Cold formedsteel 75Z08 and Swietenia mahagoni(moisture content 12.2%; specific gravity 0.77) were used for connections andwere loaded in parallel and perpendicular directions. In addition, theconnections of cold formed steel (without timber laminas) usingself-drilling screw fasteners were tested until failure. Numerical analysispredicting the load-slip curve and apparent yield load of the composite joints wascarried out using the DOWEL program and the European Yield Theory,respectively. The test results showed that the connection system with steelside plates is capable of accommodating the strength increase of compositemember, as it has a maximum load carrying capacity and initial slip modulus ofabout 4.5 and 2 times larger than those of the cold formed steel connections, respectively. In the caseof a connection system with plywood side plates, its joint properties aresimilar to those of the cold formed steel connection, except that it has largerjoint deformation."

"Cold formed steel has relatively high width-to-thickness ratio elements, which causes it to buckle easily. Combining it with timber laminas would be an effective solution for reducing this buckling problem. This research focuses on the connection system of a cold formed steel-timber composite, which was obtained by attaching several timber laminas to the web part of cold formed steel using screws. The connection used two bolts that were 8 mm in diameter, as well as two different kinds of side plates: steel and plywood. Cold formed steel 75Z08 and Swietenia mahagoni (moisture content 12.2%; specific gravity 0.77) were used for connections and were loaded in parallel and perpendicular directions. In addition, the connections of cold formed steel (without timber laminas) using self-drilling screw fasteners were tested until failure. Numerical analysis predicting the load-slip curve and apparent yield load of the composite joints was carried out using the DOWEL program and the European Yield Theory, respectively. The test results showed that the connection system with steel side plates is capable of accommodating the strength increase of composite member, as it has a maximum load carrying capacity and initial slip modulus of about 4.5 and 2 times larger than those of the cold formed steel connections, respectively. In the case of a connection system with plywood side plates, its joint properties"

"Tingginya tingkat pembangunan konstruksi di wilayah DKI Jakarta, berakibat pada meningkatnya kebutuhan akan bahan bangunan. Khususnya permintaan akan rangka atap baja ringan. Dengan semakin banyaknya produsen rangka atap baja ringan di pasaran, sehingga perlu diketahui faktor-faktor benefit yang paling berpengaruh pada penggunaan rangka atap baja ringan di wilayah DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi besarnya nilai pengaruh dan peringkat faktor-faktor benefit berdasarkan variabel kualitas, waktu, dan biaya, yang berpengaruh pada pemilihan penggunaan rangka atap baja ringan di wilayah DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi bahwa faktor life time tinggi (variabel biaya) merupakan faktor benefit yang paling berpengaruh pada penggunakan rangka atap baja ringan di wilayah DKI Jakarta.

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The high level of construction development in the DKI Jakarta area, result in increased demand for building materials. Especially light steel roof truss. As more light steel roof truss manufacturers in the market, it's need to know the benefit factors using light steel roof truss in the DKI Jakarta area.

This research aims to identify and rank the value of benefit factors on basis of quality, time, and cost variable, which affected for using light steel roof truss in the DKI Jakarta area. This research is a qualitative with case study method.

The results identified that 'high life time' (cost variable) is the most affected benefit factor of using light steel roof truss in the DKI Jakarta area."