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Pujo Purwanto
"ABSTRAK
Dengan keterbatasan kemampuan peralatan yang terpasang untuk menurunkan kadar amoniak dalam air buangan yang berasal dari pabrik Amonium Nitrat. Dimana kadar amoniak tersebutmasih melebihi baku mutu sesuai KEP-SUMENLI-I/I0/1995, tentang mutu limbah cair bagi kegiatan Industri dinyatakan bahwa kadar amonia diperbolehkan maksimum 5 ppm.
Amoniak tersebul sebagian besar berasal dari air kondensasi hasil reaksi antara asam nitrat dan amoniak. Proses unluk menurunkan kadar amoniak terlarut dalam air kondensat tersebut digunakan sistem proses Hsika yang dikenal dengan amoniak stripping.
Perancangan amoniak stripping digunakan metoda Ludwig dan fomiula yang digunakan terlebih dahulu di lakukan uji perancangan ulang dimensi menara kolom yang terpasang di Pabrik amoniak PT Pupuk Kujang, dengan tujuan mencan formula yang tepat. Hasil uji fommla didapatkan data yang sama terhadap data design, sehingga formula sudah tepat dan memenuhi untuk digunakan dalam perancangan ini. Amoniak stripping dirancang dengan laju alir umpan air 2500 kg per jam, kadar amoniak diperhitungkan 100 ppm dan etisiensi penumnan kadar amoniak 93 %_ Kemudian digunakan steam sebagai gas stripper yang dihembuskan melalui sisi bagian bawah menara dengan kondisi temperatur 147 °C dan laju alir 750 kg per jam. Hasil Akhir perancangan amoniak stripping atau menara kolom adalah Diameter kolom bagian dalam 0,5 meter,Tinggi bed isian unggun 4,5 meter dan [sian Unggun /packing digunakan Raschig Ring dengan ukuran 1,5 in.
Perkiraan biayn yang timbul dari pengadaan peralatan utama dalam perancangan proses menurunkan [radar amoniak ini sebesar 54.1S3,81USD atau Rp 541.838.lG0,- (kurs diambil lUSD=Rp 10.000), sedangkan tambahan biaya operasional pertahun sebesar Rp 226_866.57l,-.
Perancangan ini dapat menurunkan kadar amoniak dalam air buangan dari 60 ppm menjadi 2 ppm, hal ini digunakan unluk memenuhi aturan pemerintah dan sebagai lronsekwensi terhadap pemeliharan lingkungan hidup.

"
2001
S49251
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Novrikasari
"[ABSTRAK
Konsep penanggulangan bencana saat ini adalah paradigma pengurangan risiko.Setiap individu, masyarakat di daerah diperkenalkan dengan berbagai ancaman (hazards) dan kerentanan (vulnerability) yang dimiliki, serta meningkatkan kemampuan (capacity) masyarakat dalam menghadapi setiap ancaman. Sehingga studi ini bertujuan mengkaji model pengendalian risiko dispersi gas amonia.
Disain studi adalah cross sectional. Analisis model pengukuran dan struktural menggunakan comfirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Nilai validitas dan reliabilitas hasil uji kesesuaian/Goodness of Fit (GOF) adalah good fit untuk konstruk dari model.Kuesioner disebarkan secara cluster, terdapat 626 responden (area risiko 0- 2600 meter). Dibagi menjadi 293 responden pada zona dalam (area risiko 0-1300 meter) dan 333 responden zona luar (area risiko >1300-2600 meter).
Model pengukuran menghasilkan 5 variabel eksogen (kondisi lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, biologi dan kapasitas) yang saling berhubungan langsung membentuk variabel endogen risiko dispersi gas amonia. Faktor kondisi lingkungan terdiri dari zona bahaya dan jarak rumah ke jalan raya.Faktor sosial yaitu pelatihan dan pekerjaan.Faktor ekonomi yaitu kecukupan akomodasi, pendapatan, asuransi dan pendidikan.Faktor kapasitas yaitu pengetahuan tentang bahaya, pengetahuan tentang peringatan dini, pengetahuan tentang evakuasi dan perilaku tanggap darurat. Faktor biologi yaitu usia> 65 tahun, anggota keluarga dengan penyakit kronis dan anggota keluarga berkebutuhan khusus. Risiko dispersi gas amonia pada rumah tangga area risiko 0-2600 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi dari 47% faktor sosial, 37% faktor ekonomi, 29% faktor kapasitas dan 9% faktor kondisi. Risiko dispersi gas amonia zona dalam (area risiko 0-1300 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi darifaktor sosialberkontribusi 63%, faktor ekonomi 64%, faktor kapasitas 57% dan biologi 2,3%. Selanjutnya risiko dispersi gas amonia pada rumah tangga area risiko >1300-2600 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi dari 2 (dua) faktor yaitu faktor kondisi 99% dan faktor kapasitas (12%).
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan model risiko dispersi gas amonia dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor yang berkontribusi membentuk risiko dispersi gas amonia sehingga dapat menjadi upaya pengendalian dengan memperhatikan faktor yang berkontribusi tersebut. Rekomendasi kepadaPemerintah Daerah untuk menetapkan peta rawan bencana menjadi peraturan daerah yang berkekuatan hukum dan pemberlakuan peraturan tentang tata ruang (daerah pemukiman), standar keselamatan (pemantauan penggunaan teknologi) dan penerapan sanksi terhadap pelanggar. Mengkoordinasi antara Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah
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(SKPD), Dinas Pemadam Kebakaran/ Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD), dan dinas terkait untuk evakuasi (akomodasi), kelancaran akses jalur evakuasi. Menyelenggarakan sosialisasi, pendidikan dan pelatihan mengenai kesiapsiagaan bencana dispersi gas amonia kepada masyarakat melalui perkumpulan/organisasi di masyarakat. Rekomendasi kepada perusahaan antara lain : Membuat peta rawan bencana dan Emergency Respon Plan (ERP) baik internal maupun eksternal; Melakukan perawatan dengan inspeksi rutin berbasis risiko untuk memastikan kehandalan peralatan sistem pendingin amonia; Semua pekerja dalam operasional tangki sistem pendingin amonia selalu dilakukan dengan mengikuti Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), peraturan keselamatan, audit keselamatan; Mengingat sifat gas amonia yang tidak berwarna tetapi sangat beracun serta luasan area risiko yang berdampak perlu adanya sensor untuk gas amonia sebagai alat ukur dan monitoring. Selanjutnya rekomendasi kepada masyarakat agar mengembangkan dan berperan aktif dalam desa siaga bencana (kesiapsiagaan bencana berbasis masyarakat);

ABSTRACT
The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
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education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).;The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
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education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).;The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
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education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness)., The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
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education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).]"
2015
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Kezia Elkardiana
"Limbah amonia dinilai sebagai limbah beracun dan harus disisihkan sehingga kandungannya tidak boleh melebihi 5-10 ppm (Peraturan Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup RI No. 04 Tahun 1995). Penggunaan teknologi membran yang marak digunakan sebagai media penyisihan limbah pada industri mendorong penelitian ini untuk dapat menghasilkan pemisahan yang paling efektif apabila dibandingkan dengan metode pemisahan konvensional lainnya. Sebagai intensifikasi dari pemisahan digunakan kontaktor membran super hidrofobik untuk mencegah fouling yang disebabkan oleh pembasahan serat membran. Pada penelitian digunakan variasi pH 10, 11, dan 12 pada air limbah untuk mendapatkan pemisahan yang maksimum. Di akhir penelitian didapatkan bahwa pada pH 11 dan 12 amonia telah terhilangkan 100% dari larutan pada menit ke 120 dan 90, sementara itu pH 10 telah mencapai efektifitas 98.8% pada menit ke 120. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa pemisahan dengan membran super hidrofobik pada pH 11 dan 12 dapat mencapai pemisahan 100%.

Waste ammonia assessed as toxic waste and must be set aside so that its content should not exceed 5-10 ppm (Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 04 of 1995). The use of membrane technology which is used as a separation medium on industrial waste encourage research to produce the most effective separation when compared to other conventional separation methods. As a process intensification of separation, we used super hydrophobic membrane contactor to prevent fouling of the membrane caused by membrane fiber wetting. In this research we used a pH variation of 10, 11, and 12 on the waste water to obtain maximum separation. At the end of the study showed that at pH 11 and 12 ammonia has been stripped away 100% of the solution at 120 and 90 minutes, while the pH of 10 has reached 98.8% effectiveness in minutes to 120. This value showed that separation with super hydrophobic membrane on waste water pH 11 and 12 can achieve perfect separation which reach 100%."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2014
S57819
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ananda Putra Sangaji
"Skripsi ini membahas tentang penyisihan amonia dari air limbah sintetis menggunakan kontaktor membran Super Hydrophobic. Berdasarkan Keputusan Kemen LH No.51/1995, amonia harus disisihkan dari air limbah karena amonia merupakan senyawa B3 yang dapat membahayakan biota perairan. Penggunaan kontaktor membran Super Hydrophobic digunakan sebagai media alternatif karena kemampuannya dalam memisahkan senyawa tanpa kontak langsung dan mempunyai ketahanan yang baik akan pembasahan yang terjadi baik oleh air limbah maupun larutan penyerap. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi amonia dalam air limbah, antara lain : 100, 200, 400 dan 800 ppm. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kontaktor membran Super Hidrofobik mampu menyisihkan amonia dengan efisiensi 100% untuk setiap variasi konsentrasi yang diujikan.

This undergraduate thesis explain about ammonia removal from synthetic wastewater through membrane contactor Super Hydrophobic. Based on Regulation of Minister of Environment Republic of Indonesia No. 51 of 1995 ammonia must be removed from wastewater because it is inlcuded in toxic compound that can be dangerous in water ecosystem. The membrane contator Super Hydrophobic is used as alternative media because have better stability when wetted by wastewater and absorbent. This experiment is done with variety of feed concentration : 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm. The result from the experiment show the ammonia removal efficieny is perfect for every variation (100%)."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2015
S57827
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"Reformer merupakan salah satu unit penting pada pabrik ammonia. Padanya terjadi reaksi steam reforming. Reforming adalah suatu reaksi untuk mengubah gas alam menjadi CO dan H2 dengan cara dilewatkan pada kalalis nikel dalam atmosfir steam pada temperatur dan tekanan tertentu.
Reaksi ini sangat endothermic:
CH4 + H2O -> CO +3H2 -20510 KJ
Tetapi terjadi juga reaksi samping yang exorhermic lemah:
CO + H2O -> C)2 + H2 + 41 KJ
Karena reaksi keseluruhan bersifat endorhermic maka dibutuhkan panas untuk terjadinya reaksi. Pada Primary Reformer panas disuplay dari pembakaran gas alam dan purge gas di Arch dan Superhear Bumers, sedang pada Secondary panas didapat dari reaksi eksotermik antara H2 yang terdapat pada outlet primary dan O2 yang terdapat pada udara proses:
2H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O + 60 KJ
Optimasi pemanfaatan panas pada unit ini sangat penting artinya mengingat bila kita dapat menghemat panas (energi) 1 MMBTU dari pembakaran NG dalam 1 jam operasi maka kita dapat menghemat sekitar USS 17,000 dalam 1 tahun operasi. Tahapan awal dari optimasi adalah melakukan analisis sensitifitas Lmtuk melihat sensitiiitas dari masing-masing variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap etisiensi termal dan rasional. Dari studi ini didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut :
- Empat variabel model yang merniliki sensitifitas terbesar di primary adalah : flow NG ro Process (FRCa-1), flow NG to Ammonia plant (FR-18), flow Steam Process (FRCa-2) dan flow Superheared Steam (FR-33), sedang pada secondary: flow NG to Process (FRCa-1), flow Process Air (FRCa-3), flow Process Steam (FRCa-2) dan flow Added Sream (FI-51, FI-51A).
- Penambahan sedikit flow NG to Ammonia plant (FR-18), flow purge gas (FR-205-J) dengan menganggap komponen lain tetap justru akan mengurangi efisiensi termal dan rasional pada primary, sedang pada secondary komponen teersebut: flow Process Air (FRCa-3)."
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 1997
S49119
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Kanty Driantami
"Kandungan NH3-N dalam air limbah yang cukup tinggi jika dibuang ke badan air dapat menyebabkan eutrofikasi yang berdampak negatif terhadap ekosistem akuatik. Membrane aerated biofilm reactor MABR merupakan teknologi pengolahan air limbah yang mampu mengurangi konsentrasi NH3-N dalam air limbah domestik. Penelitian ini melakukan pengamatan mengenai kinerja penyisihan konsentrasi NH3-N dalam air limbah domestik menggunakan MABR. Air limbah domestik mengandung konsentrasi NH3-N sebesar 73 mg/l ndash; 104.8 0.12 kg NH3-N/m3.d - 0.24 kg NH3-N/m3.d dan COD sebesar 332 - 468 mg/l 0.56 kg COD/m3.d - 1.05 kg COD/m3.d . MABR disuplai oleh oksigen dengan tekanan sebesar 20 kPa dan penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga variasi waktu detensi HRT berbeda yaitu 8, 10, dan 12 jam. Setelah 33 hari, hasil menunjukkan rasio COD/N berkisar antara 3.9 ndash; 5.7 dengan maksimum efisiensi penyisihan COD dan NH3-N terjadi ketika HRT 12 jam yang mencapai, masing-masing 88 dan 89.58 . Hal ini mengindikasi, bahwa NH3-N dapat dihilangkan menggunakan MABR pada rasio COD/N yang rendah. Selan itu, bakteri autotrof yang berperan untuk mengoksidasi NH3-N menjadi NO2- da NO3- memiliki laju pertumbuhan yang lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan bakteri heterotrof. Sehingga, HRT yang semakin lama akan memberikan keuntungan untuk proses nitrifikasi dan efisiensi penyisihan NH3-N yang tinggi telah dapat tercapai.

High concentration of NH3 N in wastewater discharges from Sewage Treatment Plant can causes eutrophication of the surface water that have the negative impacts for aquatic ecosystems. Membrane aerated biofilm reactor MABR has been proposed as a wastewater technology to reduce NH3 N concentration in domestic wastewater. This study observed the performance of NH3 N removal in domestic wastewater using MABR. Domestic wastewater contains concentration of NH3 N from 73 mg l to 104.8 mg l 0.12 kg NH3 N m3.d to 0.24 kg NH3 N m3.d and COD from 332 mg l to 468 mg l 0.56 kg COD m3.d to 1.05 kg COD m3.d . MABR was supplied by oxygen at pressure of 20 kPa and study performed for 3 hydraulic loading rate HRT variations, which were 8, 10, and 12 hours. After 33 days of running, the result showed COD N ratio were about 3.9 to 5.72 with maximum efficiency of COD and NH3 N removal occurred when HRT 12 hours, reached 88 and 89.58 respectively. This indicated, that NH3 N could removed by MABR at low COD N ratio. Furthermore, autrotrophs bacteria that responsible for oxidized NH3 N to NO2 and NO3 have slower growth rates compared with heterotrophs bacteria. Thus, the longer HRT provided benefit for nitrification process and high NH3 N removal efficiency has been achieved."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2017
S67049
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Samsul Arifin
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2003
T41218
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Diah Navianti
"Meningkatnya perkembangan Industri di Indonesia mengakibatkan terjadinya pencemaran Lingkungan di sekitamya. Adanya berita media massa tentang pencemaran lingkungan di sekitftr PT Pupuk Sriwijaya yang menycbabkan teijadinya penyakit infeksi saluran pemapasan pada penduduk di pemukiman sekitar industri tersebul.
Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mcngetahui hubungan pemajanan ammonia dan PM", serta faktor risiko yang mempengaruhinya dengan kejadian gejala pcnyakit saluran pemapasan pada bayi dan balita di pemukiman sekitar PT pupuk Sriwijaya palembang tahun 2001.
Subyek pcnelitian adalah ibu-ibu yang memiliki bayi dan baiita (0 bulan-59 bulan). Didapatkan sebanyak 125 keluarga yang mcmiliki bayi dan balita secara random sampling yang tersebax dalam 3 kclurahan. Jenis penelitian bersifat deskriptif anaiitik dengan rancangan penelitian Cross-secrional.
Hasil penentuan kadar ammonia antara 246.75 pg/m3-1499 gym), sedangkan kadar P1\/110 antara 202.60 pg/m3-1281 ng/mi. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan (p < 0.05) pemajanan ammonia dcngan kejadian gejala penyakit saluran pcmapasan pada bayi dan balita di pemukiman sekitar industri PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja. Ada hubungan dosis respons antara pemajanan ammonia dengan kejadian gejala penyakit saluran pemapasan pada bayi dan balita di pemukiman sckitar PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang
Pemajanan PM|o Yang tinggi pada bayi dan balita di pemukiman sekitar PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja akan meningkatkan risiko menderita gejala penyakit saluran pemapasan Dari model akhir didapat nilai OR = 1.1124 (95%CI=l.014-l.221), artinya setiap peningkatan 1 unit kadar PM 10 meningkatkan riaiko bayi dan balita rnenderita gejala penyakit saluran pemapasan sebcsar I 1.24%
Kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa bayi dan balita yang terpajan dengan ammonia 2 652.50 pg/ma' mempunyai risiko menderita gcjala penyakit saluran pemapasan sebesar 9.508 kali dibandingkan dengan bayi dan balita yang terpajan ammonia < 652.50 pg,/ms setelah ciikontrol oleh variabcl variabel PMN, kepadatan hunian, perokok dalam rumah dan interaksi antara ammonia dengan PMN.
Saran kepada pihak PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja unmk tems memantad alat alat pengendaiian emisi gas maupun debu urea dan meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektifitas alat alat pengendalinya, sehingga dapat mengurangi pencemaran di sekitar industri tersebut.

Due to increasing industry expansion in Indonesia it alfect the environmental pollution around the industry. There was mass media regarding environmental pollution around PUSRI which result of acute respiratory infection symptoms of the local community around that lndustry.
The purpose of -this study is to find out the relationship between expo: ure ammonia and PMN , as well as risk factor which influence with the condition acute respiratory infection symptoms at babies and children living around at PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja in 2001.
Subyect of this study are mothers who has babies and children ranging from 0 to 59 months. We found out that around l25 families who has babies and children as sampling random from 3. The methode of this study is descriptive analytic with cross sectional study designed.
The result of concentrate ammonia between 246.75 ug/m3-1499 ug/m3. And actual PMN, consentrate between 202.60 ug/m3-128| pg/rn3.There is significant relationship (p<0_05) between exposure ammonia and PM", with condition acute respiratory infection symptoms at babies and children living around at PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang There are linked dose respons between exposure ammonia with acute respiratory infection symptoms at babies and children living around at P'I` pupuk Sriwidjaja.
High exposure of PM", at the babies and children around PT Pusn area will raise from the risk acute respiratory infection symptoms. From the last model, it found out the value of OR equal to 1.1124 (95%CI = l.0l4-1221), meaning every raise per l unit PM10 will be raised the risk of babies and children for l 1.24 %.
Conclusion indicates that babies and children who has exposured with ammonia 2 652.50 ug/m3 has risk factor of the acute respiratory infection symptoms 9.5! times compare with babies and children exposured by ammonia < 652.50 ug/m3, after being adjusted by variables PM io, smoker inside the house, density of population and interact between ammonia and PM iq.
Suggestion to PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja to constantly measure all the control gas emission and dust urea equipment and to raise eiiiciency and effectiveness ofthe control equipment so that it could reduce pollution around the industry.
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Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 2002
T5086
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Jovian Fernando
"Amonia merupakan salah satu bahan kimia yang paling banyak diproduksi karena pemanfaatannya yang besar dalam industri pupuk. Pada saat ini, mayoritas amonia diproduksi melalui proses Haber-Bosch yang mempunyai emisi karbon dalam jumlah besar. Salah satu teknologi yang dapat menggantikan Haber-Bosch adalah elektrolisis plasma. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah udara sebagai sumber nitrogen diinjeksikan ke dalam plasma dan bereaksi dengan hidrogen radikal yang berasal dari larutan yang terpapar plasma. Kemudian, dilakukkan variasi terhadap parameter operasi untuk optimalisasi parameter proses. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hal yang mempengaruhi produksi amonium dengan teknologi elektrolisis plasma seperti pengaruh penambahan aditif asam asetat dan metanol, konsentrasi larutan elektrolit, dan Tegangan. Variasi kondisi operasi akan dianalisis korelasinya dengan hasil produksi larutan amonium yang diukur absorbansinya menggunakan alat spektroskopi UV-Vis dengan metode Nessler dan menghitung konsumsi energi spesifik yang dibutuhkan. Pada penelitian ini berhasil diperoleh amonia melalui proses elektrolisis plasma dengan jumlah terbesar yang diperoleh sebesar 2.7 mmol selama 90 menit proses pada kondisi operasi larutan elektrolit 0,04 M Na2SO4, penambahan aditif metanol 4%, tegangan 450 V, daya 225 watt, dan plasma pada katoda. Sedangkan, untuk nitrat jumlah maksimum yang diperoleh sebesar 11.51 mmol pada kondisi operasi yang sama, tetapi menggunakan aditif asam asetat 4%

Ammonia is one of the most widely produced chemicals because of its usage in the fertilizer industry. Currently, the majority of ammonia produced through Haber-Bosch process those results in large amount of carbon emmisions. One of the ammonia synthesis technology that believed to be able to replace Haber-Bosch process is plasma electrolysis as it requires less energy and is environmentally friendly. In this research, air is used as nitrogen source and will be ineject to plasma then react with hydrogen radical. Then, the operating parameters are varied to optimize the process parameters. This research aims to determine factors that affect the production of ammonium with plasma electrolysis technology such as the effect of adding acetic acid and methanol additives, solution concentration, and voltage. Variations in operating conditions correlation analyzed with the production of ammonium solution whose abosorbance is measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy with the Nessler method and calculates the specific energy consumption required. On this experiment, maximum amount that we get were 2.7 mmol with operation condition of 0.04 M Na2SO4, 4% methanol additive, 450V voltage, 225W power, and cathode plasma. Meanwhile, for nitrate the maximum amount obtained was 11.51 mmol at the same operating conditions, but using 4% acetic acid additive."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2022
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Diana Mutia Pratiwi
"Ammonia merupakan senyawa polutan dengan ciri khas bau menyengat, serta dapat berbahaya ketika terpapar manusia. PT.PUSRI adalah produsen ammonia dan urea di Indonesia yang terletak berdekatan dengan permukiman warga, dimana gas ammonia seringkali terbebas diudara dan menyebabkan gangguan baik di dalam maupun disekitar lingkungan pabrik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi terbebasnya gas ammonia pada lingkungan sekitar pabrik ditinjau dari faktor penyebab, konsentrasi keluaran ammonia terbebas, dampak terhadap pekerja dan masyarakat, serta tindak penanggulangan yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sequential explanatory dengan menggabungkan data yang didapatkan dari observasi lapangan, wawancara key informan, kuesioner, dan literature review.
Berdasarkan penelitian, sekitar 95% faktor terbebasnya gas ammonia disebabkan permasalahan peralatan dengan nilai konsentrasi keluaran plant pada kondisi normal berada diantara 50-150 mg/Nm3 dan konsentrasi tertinggi dapat melebihi 435,79 mg/Nm3 pada saat pabrik mengalami gangguan. Dampak yang dialami pekerja dan masyarakat lebih kepada gangguan iritasi pada mata, hidung, dan saluran pernapasan yang bersifat sementara. Adapun tindak penanggulangan PT. PUSRI dalam bentuk Perbaikan proses dan pengembangan IPAL, pembangunan Green barrier, serta posko kesehatan sementara. Perlu dipertimbangkan penanggulangan yang diduga paling baik adalah dengan spraying dan pembangunan green barrier. Akan tetapi, masih terdapat beberapa kendala dan kelemahan dalam implementasinya, sehingga perlu dioptimalkan kembali.

Ammonia is a major pollutant compound with the characteristic of pungent odor, potentially harming when exposed to the human. PT. PUSRI is one of the Industries that produce ammonia and urea which is located adjacent to residential areas, where ammonia is often released in the air, causing disturbances both in and around the factory. This study focused on determining the factors causing the ammonia released, the concentration level of gas, its influence on the environment, along with the prevention attempted by the plant related to the case. This study use a quantitative approach with sequential explanatory method, by using literature study reinforced field observation, secondary data assisted by interviews and questionnaires on the workers and communities.
Based on the research, about 95% of the ammonia gas release is caused by equipment problems with the plant output concentration values under normal conditions between 50-150 mg/Nm3 and can exceed 435.79 mg/Nm3 when the plant is disrupted. The impact experienced by workers and the community is more on temporary irritation of the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. The countermeasures taken are the improvement of the process and development of WWTPs, the construction of Green barriers, and temporary health clinic. It should be considered that the best response is spraying and green barrier, but several weakness towards its implementation should be highlighted in order to achieve the best optimalization.
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Depok: Sekolah Ilmu Lingkungan Universitas Indonesia, 2018
T51963
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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