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Hasil Pencarian

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"Reformer merupakan salah satu unit penting pada pabrik ammonia. Padanya terjadi reaksi steam reforming. Reforming adalah suatu reaksi untuk mengubah gas alam menjadi CO dan H2 dengan cara dilewatkan pada kalalis nikel dalam atmosfir steam pada temperatur dan tekanan tertentu.
Reaksi ini sangat endothermic:
CH4 + H2O -> CO +3H2 -20510 KJ
Tetapi terjadi juga reaksi samping yang exorhermic lemah:
CO + H2O -> C)2 + H2 + 41 KJ
Karena reaksi keseluruhan bersifat endorhermic maka dibutuhkan panas untuk terjadinya reaksi. Pada Primary Reformer panas disuplay dari pembakaran gas alam dan purge gas di Arch dan Superhear Bumers, sedang pada Secondary panas didapat dari reaksi eksotermik antara H2 yang terdapat pada outlet primary dan O2 yang terdapat pada udara proses:
2H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O + 60 KJ
Optimasi pemanfaatan panas pada unit ini sangat penting artinya mengingat bila kita dapat menghemat panas (energi) 1 MMBTU dari pembakaran NG dalam 1 jam operasi maka kita dapat menghemat sekitar USS 17,000 dalam 1 tahun operasi. Tahapan awal dari optimasi adalah melakukan analisis sensitifitas Lmtuk melihat sensitiiitas dari masing-masing variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap etisiensi termal dan rasional. Dari studi ini didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut :
- Empat variabel model yang merniliki sensitifitas terbesar di primary adalah : flow NG ro Process (FRCa-1), flow NG to Ammonia plant (FR-18), flow Steam Process (FRCa-2) dan flow Superheared Steam (FR-33), sedang pada secondary: flow NG to Process (FRCa-1), flow Process Air (FRCa-3), flow Process Steam (FRCa-2) dan flow Added Sream (FI-51, FI-51A).
- Penambahan sedikit flow NG to Ammonia plant (FR-18), flow purge gas (FR-205-J) dengan menganggap komponen lain tetap justru akan mengurangi efisiensi termal dan rasional pada primary, sedang pada secondary komponen teersebut: flow Process Air (FRCa-3)."
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 1997
S49119
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Pujo Purwanto
"ABSTRAK
Dengan keterbatasan kemampuan peralatan yang terpasang untuk menurunkan kadar amoniak dalam air buangan yang berasal dari pabrik Amonium Nitrat. Dimana kadar amoniak tersebutmasih melebihi baku mutu sesuai KEP-SUMENLI-I/I0/1995, tentang mutu limbah cair bagi kegiatan Industri dinyatakan bahwa kadar amonia diperbolehkan maksimum 5 ppm.
Amoniak tersebul sebagian besar berasal dari air kondensasi hasil reaksi antara asam nitrat dan amoniak. Proses unluk menurunkan kadar amoniak terlarut dalam air kondensat tersebut digunakan sistem proses Hsika yang dikenal dengan amoniak stripping.
Perancangan amoniak stripping digunakan metoda Ludwig dan fomiula yang digunakan terlebih dahulu di lakukan uji perancangan ulang dimensi menara kolom yang terpasang di Pabrik amoniak PT Pupuk Kujang, dengan tujuan mencan formula yang tepat. Hasil uji fommla didapatkan data yang sama terhadap data design, sehingga formula sudah tepat dan memenuhi untuk digunakan dalam perancangan ini. Amoniak stripping dirancang dengan laju alir umpan air 2500 kg per jam, kadar amoniak diperhitungkan 100 ppm dan etisiensi penumnan kadar amoniak 93 %_ Kemudian digunakan steam sebagai gas stripper yang dihembuskan melalui sisi bagian bawah menara dengan kondisi temperatur 147 °C dan laju alir 750 kg per jam. Hasil Akhir perancangan amoniak stripping atau menara kolom adalah Diameter kolom bagian dalam 0,5 meter,Tinggi bed isian unggun 4,5 meter dan [sian Unggun /packing digunakan Raschig Ring dengan ukuran 1,5 in.
Perkiraan biayn yang timbul dari pengadaan peralatan utama dalam perancangan proses menurunkan [radar amoniak ini sebesar 54.1S3,81USD atau Rp 541.838.lG0,- (kurs diambil lUSD=Rp 10.000), sedangkan tambahan biaya operasional pertahun sebesar Rp 226_866.57l,-.
Perancangan ini dapat menurunkan kadar amoniak dalam air buangan dari 60 ppm menjadi 2 ppm, hal ini digunakan unluk memenuhi aturan pemerintah dan sebagai lronsekwensi terhadap pemeliharan lingkungan hidup.

"
2001
S49251
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Novrikasari
"[ABSTRAK
Konsep penanggulangan bencana saat ini adalah paradigma pengurangan risiko.Setiap individu, masyarakat di daerah diperkenalkan dengan berbagai ancaman (hazards) dan kerentanan (vulnerability) yang dimiliki, serta meningkatkan kemampuan (capacity) masyarakat dalam menghadapi setiap ancaman. Sehingga studi ini bertujuan mengkaji model pengendalian risiko dispersi gas amonia.
Disain studi adalah cross sectional. Analisis model pengukuran dan struktural menggunakan comfirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Nilai validitas dan reliabilitas hasil uji kesesuaian/Goodness of Fit (GOF) adalah good fit untuk konstruk dari model.Kuesioner disebarkan secara cluster, terdapat 626 responden (area risiko 0- 2600 meter). Dibagi menjadi 293 responden pada zona dalam (area risiko 0-1300 meter) dan 333 responden zona luar (area risiko >1300-2600 meter).
Model pengukuran menghasilkan 5 variabel eksogen (kondisi lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, biologi dan kapasitas) yang saling berhubungan langsung membentuk variabel endogen risiko dispersi gas amonia. Faktor kondisi lingkungan terdiri dari zona bahaya dan jarak rumah ke jalan raya.Faktor sosial yaitu pelatihan dan pekerjaan.Faktor ekonomi yaitu kecukupan akomodasi, pendapatan, asuransi dan pendidikan.Faktor kapasitas yaitu pengetahuan tentang bahaya, pengetahuan tentang peringatan dini, pengetahuan tentang evakuasi dan perilaku tanggap darurat. Faktor biologi yaitu usia> 65 tahun, anggota keluarga dengan penyakit kronis dan anggota keluarga berkebutuhan khusus. Risiko dispersi gas amonia pada rumah tangga area risiko 0-2600 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi dari 47% faktor sosial, 37% faktor ekonomi, 29% faktor kapasitas dan 9% faktor kondisi. Risiko dispersi gas amonia zona dalam (area risiko 0-1300 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi darifaktor sosialberkontribusi 63%, faktor ekonomi 64%, faktor kapasitas 57% dan biologi 2,3%. Selanjutnya risiko dispersi gas amonia pada rumah tangga area risiko >1300-2600 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi dari 2 (dua) faktor yaitu faktor kondisi 99% dan faktor kapasitas (12%).
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan model risiko dispersi gas amonia dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor yang berkontribusi membentuk risiko dispersi gas amonia sehingga dapat menjadi upaya pengendalian dengan memperhatikan faktor yang berkontribusi tersebut. Rekomendasi kepadaPemerintah Daerah untuk menetapkan peta rawan bencana menjadi peraturan daerah yang berkekuatan hukum dan pemberlakuan peraturan tentang tata ruang (daerah pemukiman), standar keselamatan (pemantauan penggunaan teknologi) dan penerapan sanksi terhadap pelanggar. Mengkoordinasi antara Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah
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(SKPD), Dinas Pemadam Kebakaran/ Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD), dan dinas terkait untuk evakuasi (akomodasi), kelancaran akses jalur evakuasi. Menyelenggarakan sosialisasi, pendidikan dan pelatihan mengenai kesiapsiagaan bencana dispersi gas amonia kepada masyarakat melalui perkumpulan/organisasi di masyarakat. Rekomendasi kepada perusahaan antara lain : Membuat peta rawan bencana dan Emergency Respon Plan (ERP) baik internal maupun eksternal; Melakukan perawatan dengan inspeksi rutin berbasis risiko untuk memastikan kehandalan peralatan sistem pendingin amonia; Semua pekerja dalam operasional tangki sistem pendingin amonia selalu dilakukan dengan mengikuti Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), peraturan keselamatan, audit keselamatan; Mengingat sifat gas amonia yang tidak berwarna tetapi sangat beracun serta luasan area risiko yang berdampak perlu adanya sensor untuk gas amonia sebagai alat ukur dan monitoring. Selanjutnya rekomendasi kepada masyarakat agar mengembangkan dan berperan aktif dalam desa siaga bencana (kesiapsiagaan bencana berbasis masyarakat);

ABSTRACT
The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
xi
education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).;The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
xi
education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).;The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
xi
education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness)., The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
xi
education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).]"
2015
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Pelawi, Laily Fitri
""ABSTRAK
"
Amonia NH3 adalah senyawa kimia yang penting dalam kehidupan modern ini. Dari sekitar 100 tahun lalu sampai saat ini produksi amonia masih diproduksi dengan proses Haber-Bosch menggunakan H2 dan N2 di bawahpada tekanan dan suhu yang sangat tinggi. Metode produksi NH3 dengan fotokatalitik dari air dan N2 pada tekanan atmosfer dan suhu ruang adalah hal yang akan diteliti. Beberapa fotokatalis semikonduktor telah diusulkan, tapi terkendala mengenai efisiensinya yang rendah. Dalam penelitian ini akan dipreparasi TiO2 nanotube dengan sejumlah kekosongan oksigen pada permukaan atau Ti3 surface defects dengan metode reduksi elektrokimia. TiO2-NT difabrikasi melalui anodisasi dari plat Ti selama 45 menit pada 40 V, lalu diannealing selama 2 jam pada 450oC untuk membentuk kristal anatase. Sistem fotokatalitik dengan Ti3 /TiO2-NT yang ketika difotoirradiasi dengan sinar UV dalam air murni dengan bubbling N2 diharapkan dapat menghasilkan gas NH3. Sisi aktif untuk reduksi N2 adalah spesi Ti3 terdapat di sisi-sisi oksigen yang kosong. Spesi ini bertindak sebagai tempat adsorpsi N2. Sifat-sifat ini yang menyebabkan kenaikan kemampuan reduksi N2 menjadi NH3. Konversi energi cahaya menjadi energi kimia didapat dengan efisiensi sebesar 0.0181
"
"
"ABSTRACT
"
Ammonia NH3 is an important chemical compound in modern life. Since 100 years ago until now, ammonia is still produced by Haber Bosch method from N2 and H2 in very high pressure and temperature. NH3 production by photocatalytic water and N2 in atmosphere pressure and room temperature will be investigated later. Some semiconductor photocatalysts had been proposed but still had a problem about the low efficiency. In this research, TiO2 nanotube is fabricated with some oxygen vacancies or Ti3 surface defect Ti3 TiO2 NT by electrochemical method. TiO2 NT is fabricated by anodization from Ti foil for 45 minutes at 40 V, then annealing for 2 hours at 450oC to form anatase crystals. Photocatalytic system with Ti3 TiO2 NT when photoirradiated by UV light with water and N2 bubbling is expected to produce NH3. The active site for N2 reduction is Ti3 species on the oxygen vacancies. These species act as adsorption sites for N2 and trapping sites for the photoformed conduction band electrons. These properties therefore promote e cient reduction of N2 to NH3. The solar to chemical energy conversion e ciency is 0.0181 "
2017
S-Pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Muhammad Salehudin Nur
"Unit pemisahan amonia (Area 600) adalah tahap/bagian akhir dalam produksi amonia hijau dengan proses Haber-Bosch. Tujuan dari proyek desain ini adalah untuk mencapai amonia anhidrat cair sebagai produk akhir dengan kemurnian minimum 99,6%-wt dan tingkat produksi 5.000 ton/hari, dan akhirnya menyimpannya dalam tangki penyimpanan amonia yang harus efisien selama 20 hari sampai siap untuk dipindahkan ke kapal dermaga dan diekspor. Unit ini memiliki dua output lain juga, yang meliputi purged gases untuk mencegah akumulasi pada recycle stream, dan recycled gases ke reaktor di Area 500 untuk meningkatkan konversi amonia. Dengan menggunakan Aspen HYSYS, kami dapat mencapai amonia anhidrat cair dengan kemurnian 99,9% dan kapasitas produksi sebesar 5.200 ton/hari. Suhu dan tekanan aliran akhir masing-masing adalah -30 ° C dan 10 bar. Perkiraan energi yang dihasilkan adalah 3 – 5 Gigajoule/tonNH3. Peralatan unit ini yang meliputi heat exchanger, flash drum, storage tank dan lain-lain dirancang dengan standar yang layak, meskipun penelitian lebih lanjut harus dilakukan untuk beberapa peralatan sehingga mereka dapat beroperasi lebih memadai. Biaya modal yang diperoleh dari semua peralatan unit adalah $335,579,062.19. Selain itu, proses ini berhasil memenuhi emisi karbon dioksida nol bersih.

Ammonia separation unit (Area 600) is the last stage/section in the production of green ammonia with the Haber-Bosch process. The objective of this design project is to achieve a liquid anhydrous ammonia as the final product with minimum purity of 99.6%-wt and production rate of 5,000 tonne/day, and finally store it in an ammonia storage tank which should be efficient for 20 days until it is ready to be transferred to a jetty ship and exported. This unit has two other outputs as well, which include purged gases to prevent any accumulation in recycle stream, and recycled gases to reactor in Area 500 to increase ammonia conversion. By using Aspen HYSYS, we are able to achieve a liquid anhydrous ammonia with purity of 99.9%-wt and production rate of 5,200 tonne/day. The temperature and pressure of the final stream are -30°C and 10 bar, respectively. The estimated energy is 3 – 5 Gigajoule/tonNH3. The equipment of this unit that include heat exchanger, flash drum, storage tank and others are designed to a viable standard, although further research should be conducted for some of the equipment so that they can operate more adequately. The capital cost that is obtained from all the equipment is $335,579,062.19. In addition, the process successfully fulfills the net zero carbon dioxide emissions.
"
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2023
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Kanty Driantami
"Kandungan NH3-N dalam air limbah yang cukup tinggi jika dibuang ke badan air dapat menyebabkan eutrofikasi yang berdampak negatif terhadap ekosistem akuatik. Membrane aerated biofilm reactor MABR merupakan teknologi pengolahan air limbah yang mampu mengurangi konsentrasi NH3-N dalam air limbah domestik. Penelitian ini melakukan pengamatan mengenai kinerja penyisihan konsentrasi NH3-N dalam air limbah domestik menggunakan MABR. Air limbah domestik mengandung konsentrasi NH3-N sebesar 73 mg/l ndash; 104.8 0.12 kg NH3-N/m3.d - 0.24 kg NH3-N/m3.d dan COD sebesar 332 - 468 mg/l 0.56 kg COD/m3.d - 1.05 kg COD/m3.d . MABR disuplai oleh oksigen dengan tekanan sebesar 20 kPa dan penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga variasi waktu detensi HRT berbeda yaitu 8, 10, dan 12 jam. Setelah 33 hari, hasil menunjukkan rasio COD/N berkisar antara 3.9 ndash; 5.7 dengan maksimum efisiensi penyisihan COD dan NH3-N terjadi ketika HRT 12 jam yang mencapai, masing-masing 88 dan 89.58 . Hal ini mengindikasi, bahwa NH3-N dapat dihilangkan menggunakan MABR pada rasio COD/N yang rendah. Selan itu, bakteri autotrof yang berperan untuk mengoksidasi NH3-N menjadi NO2- da NO3- memiliki laju pertumbuhan yang lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan bakteri heterotrof. Sehingga, HRT yang semakin lama akan memberikan keuntungan untuk proses nitrifikasi dan efisiensi penyisihan NH3-N yang tinggi telah dapat tercapai.

High concentration of NH3 N in wastewater discharges from Sewage Treatment Plant can causes eutrophication of the surface water that have the negative impacts for aquatic ecosystems. Membrane aerated biofilm reactor MABR has been proposed as a wastewater technology to reduce NH3 N concentration in domestic wastewater. This study observed the performance of NH3 N removal in domestic wastewater using MABR. Domestic wastewater contains concentration of NH3 N from 73 mg l to 104.8 mg l 0.12 kg NH3 N m3.d to 0.24 kg NH3 N m3.d and COD from 332 mg l to 468 mg l 0.56 kg COD m3.d to 1.05 kg COD m3.d . MABR was supplied by oxygen at pressure of 20 kPa and study performed for 3 hydraulic loading rate HRT variations, which were 8, 10, and 12 hours. After 33 days of running, the result showed COD N ratio were about 3.9 to 5.72 with maximum efficiency of COD and NH3 N removal occurred when HRT 12 hours, reached 88 and 89.58 respectively. This indicated, that NH3 N could removed by MABR at low COD N ratio. Furthermore, autrotrophs bacteria that responsible for oxidized NH3 N to NO2 and NO3 have slower growth rates compared with heterotrophs bacteria. Thus, the longer HRT provided benefit for nitrification process and high NH3 N removal efficiency has been achieved."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2017
S67049
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Baiq Hijratul Hasanah
"ABSTRACT
Kesegaran merupakan faktor penting penentu kualitas daging ayam. Peningkatan jumlah TVB-N Total Volatile Base-Nitrogen pada daging ayam selama penyimpanan menunjukkan penurunan mutu. Senyawa volatil seperti trimethylamine TMA , amonia NH3, dan dimethylamine DMA bertanggung jawab atas bau busuk dan perubahan warna daging. TVB-N bersifat mudah menguap dan sebagian besar terdiri atas amonia. Pada penelitian ini indikator gas amonia dikembangkan menggunakan PVA polyvinyl alcohol, kertas, dan zat warna alami dari ekstrak beras ketan hitam. PVA dan kertas digunakan sebagai matriks/substrat untuk meimobilisasi zat warna alami yang mengandung antosianin. Indikator ini menggunakan metode gasochromic yang melibatkan reaksi reduksi oksidasi di dalamnya. Spektrum larutan ekstrak antosianin menunjukkan variasi warna untuk nilai pH yang berbeda pH 2-13 . Warna larutan ekstrak berubah dari warna merah pada pH asam menjadi kuning pada pH basa. Spektrum UV-vis larutan ekstrak terukur pada panjang gelombang 449-662 nm. Preparasi label dilakukan menggunakan metode simultan casting dan imersi. Label PVA, label kertas Whatman dan kertas Kalkir digunakan sebagai indikator gas amonia. Label diuji terhadap gas amonia dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,005 ; 0,025 ; 0,05 ; 0,1 ; dan 0,5. Perubahan warna label akibat interaksi dengan gas amonia dianalisis menggunakan Scanner dengan bantuan software imageJ. Stabilitas warna label diuji terhadap temperatur, kelembapan relatif RH , dan cahaya. Uji aplikasi dilakukan untuk melihat potensi label sebagai indikator untuk memonitor kesegaran daging ayam. Indikator gas amonia menunjukkan perubahan warna dari merah menuju ungu untuk pH 2 akibat pembusukan daging ayam. Sedangkan label pH 7 tidak menunjukkan perubahan warna yang dapat dilihat secara visual. Oleh karena itu label indikator ini dapat dikembangkan sebagai label gasochromic untuk memonitor kesegaran daging ayam.

ABSTRACT
Freshness is an important factor determining the quality of chicken meat. TVB N Total Volatile Base Nitrogen in chicken meat during storage showed a quality degradation. Volatiles amines, such as trimethylamine TMA, ammonia NH3, and dimethylamine DMA responsible for the chicken meat odour and discoloration. TVB N is volatile and mainly consist of ammonia. In this research, an ammonia gas indicator was developed using PVA polyvinyl alcohol, papers, and natural dyes from black glutinous rice extract. Both PVA and paper are solid matrices used to immobilize natural dyes, anthocyanin. This indicator uses a gasochromic method involving redox reaction. Spectrum of anthocyanin extract solutions showed color variations to different pH values pH 2 13 . Color change from red at acidic pH to yellow at basic pH. The UV vis spectrum of anthocyanin extract solutions measured at the maximum absorption peak 449 662 nm. Label preparations was conducted using simultaneous casting and immersion methods. PVA labels, Whatman, and Kalkir paper labels are used as ammonia gas indicator. Labels were tested to different ammonia exposure levels 0,005 0,025 0,05 0,1 dan 0,5. Color change of labels due to interaction with ammonia gas were analyzed using Scanner with imageJ software. Color stability were tested to temperature, relative humidity RH, and light. A test was conducted for potential use of ammonia gas indicator to monitor chicken meat freshness. The label indicator showed color change from red to violet at pH 2 due to chicken meat spoilage. While labels at pH 7 has no visible color changes. This indicator used a gasochromic label for chicken meat freshness monitoring."
2018
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ikha Novita Ma`wa Sukriya
"Dalam rangka menanggulangi turunnya produksi minyak bumi, telah dikembangkan teknologi Enhanched Oil Recovery (EOR) yaitu pengurasan tahap lanjut pada sumur minyak tua. Salah satu teknologi EOR yaitu injeksi kimia yang dapat berupa surfaktan, alkali-surfaktan, alkali-surfaktan-polimer. Penggunaan surfaktan ini dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan tegangan antar-muka (interfacial tension=IFT) antara minyak dan air sehingga mampu membawa minyak keluar dari pori-pori batuan reservoir. Surfaktan untuk EOR harus memenuhi kriteria parameter screening test yaitu compatibility test dan pengukuran IFT.
Pada penelitian ini reservoir yang dituju adalah lapangan Rantau. Surfaktan diperoleh dengan memformulasikan 25% w/w Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES), 25% w/w Surfaktan Tween dan 50% w/w berbagai pelarut (EGBE, Etanol dan EGBE-Etanol). Alkali (Na2CO3) yang ditambahkan dalam larutan surfaktan bertujuan untuk menurunkan nilai IFT. Proses formulasi dilakukan tanpa dan dengan pemanasan 40oC. Hasil formulasi surfaktan terbaik dalam penelitian ini adalah 25% MES, 25% Surfaktan Tween dan 50% EGBE yang memenuhi criteria compatibility meskipun nilai IFTnya belum tercapai. Formula surfaktan ini dilarutkan dalam brine water dengan konsentrasi 0,1%; 0,5%; 1% dan 2%. Hasil screening test terbaik adalah pada konsentrasi 0,1% yaitu nilai IFT mencapai 10-2 dyne/cm.

In order to overcome the decline of crude oil production, it has been developed Enhanched Oil Recovery (EOR) technolog, that is an recovery of depletion of old oil wells. EOR technology is one of the chemical injection which may be a surfactant, an alkaline-surfactant, alkali-surfactant-polymer. The use of surfactant is intended to reduce the interface tension (interfacial tension = IFT) between oil and water so it makes the oil out from the pores of reservoir rock. Surfactants for EOR must fulfil the criteria for a screening test parameters, there are compatibility and IFT test.
In this study, the target reservoir is Rantau field. Surfactant obtained by formulating 25% w/w Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES), 25% w/w surfactant Tween 80 and 50% w/w various solvents (EGBE, EGBE-Ethanol and Ethanol). Alkaline (Na2CO3) was added to the surfactant solution aims to reduce the value of IFT. Formulation process carried out without and with heating 40oC. The best surfactant formulation results in this study is 25% MES, 25% Tween 80 and 50% EGBE that accomplish the criteria of compatibility, even though IFT value has not been reached. Formula surfactant is dissolved in the brine water with a concentration of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%. The best results screening test at a concentration of 0.1% when the value of IFT reached 10-2 dyne / cm.
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Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2011
S388
UI - Skripsi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Sonny Citra Permadi
"Senyawa fenolik merupakan salah satu kontaminan utama dan berbahaya dalam limbah cair karena sifatnya yang beracun bahkan pada konsentrasi yang rendah. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini beberapa proses yang dapat mengurangi kandungan fenol telah dilakukan. Salah satunya adalah proses ozonasi. Namun rendahnya kelarutan ozon dalam air serta kurang reaktifnya ozon dengan fenol menjadi kendala utama. Kavitasi (proses terbentuk, berkembang dan hancurnya gelmbung mikro) dapat menjawab kendala tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menganalisis tentang signifikansi kavitasi hidrodinamik dan/atau ultrasonik pada proses penyisihan fenol berbasis ozon pada kondisi asam dan mengevaluasi pengaruh konsentrasi awal fenol pada proses penyisihan diberbagai konfigurasi proses oksidasi lanjut berbasis ozon. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan ditemukan bahwa proses gabungan ozonasi/hidrodinamik/ultrasonik menghasilkan persentase penyisihan fenol yang paling besar.

Phenolic compound is one of the main and dangerous contaminants in waste water because of its hazardous properties even at low concentration. To solve this problem some processes that could reduce phenol concentration had been done. One of these processes is ozonation. But this process has main problems which are the small solubility of ozone in water and small reactivity of ozone and phenol. This research analyzed the significance of hydrodynamic cavitation and / or ultrasound on the process of phenol-based ozone in acidic conditions and evaluate the effect of initial concentration of phenol in the process of provision in different configurations of ozone-based advanced oxidation process. The result from this research showed that the combination processes of ozonation/hydrodynamic/ultrasound gave the biggest phenol degradation percentage."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2011
S383
UI - Skripsi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Kezia Elkardiana
"Limbah amonia dinilai sebagai limbah beracun dan harus disisihkan sehingga kandungannya tidak boleh melebihi 5-10 ppm (Peraturan Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup RI No. 04 Tahun 1995). Penggunaan teknologi membran yang marak digunakan sebagai media penyisihan limbah pada industri mendorong penelitian ini untuk dapat menghasilkan pemisahan yang paling efektif apabila dibandingkan dengan metode pemisahan konvensional lainnya. Sebagai intensifikasi dari pemisahan digunakan kontaktor membran super hidrofobik untuk mencegah fouling yang disebabkan oleh pembasahan serat membran. Pada penelitian digunakan variasi pH 10, 11, dan 12 pada air limbah untuk mendapatkan pemisahan yang maksimum. Di akhir penelitian didapatkan bahwa pada pH 11 dan 12 amonia telah terhilangkan 100% dari larutan pada menit ke 120 dan 90, sementara itu pH 10 telah mencapai efektifitas 98.8% pada menit ke 120. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa pemisahan dengan membran super hidrofobik pada pH 11 dan 12 dapat mencapai pemisahan 100%.

Waste ammonia assessed as toxic waste and must be set aside so that its content should not exceed 5-10 ppm (Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 04 of 1995). The use of membrane technology which is used as a separation medium on industrial waste encourage research to produce the most effective separation when compared to other conventional separation methods. As a process intensification of separation, we used super hydrophobic membrane contactor to prevent fouling of the membrane caused by membrane fiber wetting. In this research we used a pH variation of 10, 11, and 12 on the waste water to obtain maximum separation. At the end of the study showed that at pH 11 and 12 ammonia has been stripped away 100% of the solution at 120 and 90 minutes, while the pH of 10 has reached 98.8% effectiveness in minutes to 120. This value showed that separation with super hydrophobic membrane on waste water pH 11 and 12 can achieve perfect separation which reach 100%."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2014
S57819
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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