Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Polymer-Clay nanokomposit adalah material polimer yang telah ditingkatkan performanya dengan cara penambahan reinforcement organo monmorilonit/organo layer silicate (OLS) yang mampu terdispersi pada ukuran nanometer, struktur interkelasi dan eksfoliasi menandakan dispersi nanometer telah tercapai. Upaya optimasi dan strategi dalam pencapaian struktur interkelasi dan eksfoliasi dapat dilakukan dalam banyak cara, namun kesesuaian berdasarkan termodinamika adalah hal terpenting. Matriks polipropilen akan bersifat immiscible terhadap clay yang bersifat polar, hal itu disebabkan oleh sifat non polar dari PP. Untuk mendapatkan kompatibilitas yang dapat mendukung terbentuknya struktur interkelasi atau eksfoliasi yang stabil terhadap temperatur, maka penggunaan polipropilen-grafted-anhidrida maleat (PP-g-MA) yang tepat harus digunakan. Pemilihan PP-g-MA yang tepat didasari pada studi afinitas diantara PP-g-MA dengan sistem PP/OLS. PP-g-MA yang digunakan pada penelitian ini memiliki berat molekul dan komposisi anhidrida maleat (epolene G-3003,G-3015 dan E-43) yang berbeda. Studi afinitas didasari pada pembentukan struktur eksfoliasi, selanjutnya kemampuan dari sistem komposit untuk mempertahankan struktur eksfoliasi yang telah terbentuk pada kondisi annealing merupakan langkah investigasi selanjutnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan compatibilizer dalam jumlah persentase yang besar yakni 80% PP-g-MA, 10% OLS dan 10% PP. Proses pencampuran dilakukan dengan mesin Rheomix R600 pada temperatur 210o C, kecepatan rotor 40 rpm selama 5 menit. Sampel hasil pencampuran dilakukan karakterisasi XRD. Difraktogram XRD menunjukkan kecendrungan terbentuknya struktur interkelasi pada epolene E-43 sedangkan struktur eksfoliasi pada epolene G-3003 dan epolene G-3015. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa epolene E-43 memiliki afinitas yang lebih rendah dibanding epolene G-3015 dan epolene G-3003 pada sistem polipropilen/OLS. Studi annealing (kondisi temperatur 210 o C dan waktu tinggal selama 60 menit) yang dilakukan pada sampel komposit berbasis epolene G-3003 dan epolene G-3015 menunjukkan bahwa epolene G-3003 memiliki afinitas yang lebih baik pada sistem PP/OLS ditandai dengan kemampuan mempertahankan struktur ekfoliasi yang telah terbentuk seperti yang ditunjukkan pada difraktogram XRD.

---

Polymer-clay nanocomposite is a polymer material which its performance has been improved with the addition of organo monmorillonite/Organo layer silicates (OLS) as reinforcement, dispersed in size of nanometers. Intercalation and/or exfoliation structures show that nanometer dispersion has been achieved. Optimization strategy in achieving intercalation and/or exfoliation structure can be done in several ways, but the appropriate thermodynamic is the most important. Polypropylene (PP) matrix is immiscible with polar clay because of PP's non polarity properties. To enhance the compatibility which support the formation of thermally stable intercalation and/or exfoliation structure, the right kind of PP-grafted-Maleic Anhydride (PP-g-MA) should be used. Selection of the right PP-g-MA was based on affinity study between PP-g-MA and PP/OLS system. PP-g-MAs used in this study were of different molecular weight and maleic anhydride composition. (epolene G-3003, G-3015 and E-43). Affinity study was based on, first the formation of exfoliation structure, then the ability to withstand the formed exfoliated structure under annealing study was the next investigation step. In this case high percentage of compatibilizer up to 80% PP-g-MA, 10% OLS and 10% PP were used. The mixing process was done with Rheomix R600 for 5 minutes at 210_ C temperature and 40 rpm rotor speed . Then, all samples were subjected to XRD characterization. XRD difractogram shows that in epolene E-43 based nanocomposite, the intercalation structure was formed, but in epolene G-3003 and epolene G-3015 the exfoliation structures were formed. These indicated that epolene E-43 has lower affinity compared to epolene G-3003 and epolene G-3015 with PP/OLS system. Annealing study (at 210_ C temperature for 60 minutes) on epolene G-3003 and epolene G-3015 based nanocomposite show that epolene G-3003 has better affinity with PP/OLS system with the ability to keep the previously formed exfoliated structure as shown in XRD difractogram."

"Nanokomposit polipropilena PP /clay biasanya diproses dengan melt mixing. Melalui metode ini, kondisi pencampuran merupakan variabel penting untuk memperbaiki sifat nanokomposit. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan dampak proses pencampuran pada sifat mekanik PP/clay, namun demikian belum ada penjelasan tuntas mengenai kondisi optimum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimal nanokomposit PP/clay yang diproses dengan teknik internal mixer dengan bantuan menggunakan metodologi Design of Experiments DoE response surface. Pengaruh variasi kecepatan putar, waktu pencampuran dan suhu terhadap modulus lengkung dianalisis, didukung dengan hasil X-ray Diffraction XRD dan uji flammability. Untuk meningkatkan ikatan antar muka, PP grafted maleic anhydride PP-g-MA ditambahkan sebagai compatibilizer. Komposisi komposit ditetapkan sebesar 88 wt PP, 9 wt PP-g-MA, dan 3 wt clay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modulus optimum dipenuhi pada 222 C, 83 rpm dan 5 menit, memberikan nilai 2085 MPa atau 18 lebih tinggi dibandingkan sampel kontrol. Difraktogram menunjukkan bahwa puncak [001] clay bergeser ke sudut yang lebih rendah, menunjukkan adanya struktur interkalasi yang didukung oleh hasil modulus. Hasil uji flammability menunjukkan komposit hasil optimasi memiliki nilai cepat rambat 0.0944 s/mm3.

---

Polypropylene PP clay nanocomposites are usually processed by melt mixing. In this method, mixing conditions are important variables to improve nanocomposite properties. Some studies reported the effects of processing on mechanical properties of PP clay, but there is unclear explanation on optimum conditions. This study aims to predict the optimum conditions of PP clay nanocomposite prepared by an internal mixer using Design of Experiments DoE response surface methodology. The effect of rotation speed, mixing time and temperature variation toward flexural modulus were analyzed, supported by X ray Diffraction XRD and flammability test results. To improve interfacial bonding, PP grafting maleic anhydride PP g MA was added as a compatibilizer. Composites formulation was fixed at 88wt of PP, 9 wt of PP g MA, and 3 wt of clay. The results show that the optimum modulus was fulfilled at 222 C, 83 rpm and 5 minutes, giving 2085 MPa or 18 improvement compared to control sample. XRD diffractograms showed that 001 clay peaks shifted to lower angle suggested some intercalated structures that supported to modulus results. The flammability test result show that optimized composite has the highest burn rate 0.0944 s mm3."

"Nanokomposit polimer merupakan bahan yang terdiri dari paduan polimer dan partikel-partikel pendispersi dengan ukuran nanometer, misalnya partikel clay. Nanokomposit memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan dengan komposit konvesional diantaranya, modulus , kekuatan, dan hambatan panasnya lebih tinggi . Agar clay terdispersi di dalam polimer, maka reaksi pertukaran ion harus dilakukan pada clay agar permukaan clay kompatibel dengan polimer sehingga memudahkan bagi molekul polimer masuk di antara lapisan clay tersebut.Metode pembuatan nanokomposit berbasis polypropylene (PP) dalam penelitian ini adalah pencampuran langsung polypropylene ( PP ) dengan Organo Layered Silicate (OLS) dan Polipropylene grafted Maleic Anhydride ( PP-g-MA ) dengan menggunakan twin screw extruder.Hasil XRD dan TEM, dari nanokomposit polypropylene - clay menunjukkan bahwa bahan mempunyai struktur eksfoliasi dan interkalasi. Struktur eksfoliasi diperoleh pada sampel PP - OLS I.44 PT yang mengalami satu kali ekstrusi pada 100 rpm. Sampel ini menunjukkan kenaikan kuat tarik dan HDT masing-masing sebesar 7,36% dan 30,06% terhadap PP murni. Sampel dengan dua kali ekstrusi memiliki kenaikan modulus elastisitas sebesar 41.19% dan HDT sebesar 29,38%.

---

Polimer nanocomposites are materials that are formed by polimer and dispersed particles in nanometer size, such as clay particles. Polimer nanocomposites have better properties, such as modulus, strength, and heat recistance, compared to the conventional composites. In order to make the clay particles disperse within the polimer, a cation exchange reaction must be done on the clay surface so that the polimer moleculer one able to get into space between the layers.

In tha research, polypropylene based nanocomposites were prepared by a direct mixing with polypropylene (PP) with organo layered silicate (OLS) and polypropylene grafted Maleic Anhydride (PP-g-MA) using a twin-screw extruder.

The XRD and TEM analysis from this PP-clay nanocomposites showed that an exfoliated and an intercalted structures were formed. Exfolition structure was found on the PP-OLS I.44 PT samples which wereprepared by one time extrusion on a 100 rpm. These sample show on increasis on tensile strength and HDT of 7,36% and 30,06% respectively compared to pristine PP.Two times extrution on the samples result on the increasing of elastic modulus by 41,19% and HDT by 29,38%."

"Dengan berkembangnya kemampuan rekayasa material, polimer blend menjadi salah satu metode untuk merekayasa material polimer yang cukup penting karena aplikasinya yang cukup luas. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan proses blending (pencampuran) antara material polimer polietilena tereftalat (PET) dengan polipropilena (PP) dengan bantuan kompatibilizer PP-g-MA. Proses pencampuran menggunakan mesin ekstrusi jenis single screw dengan setting parameter suhu 210oC, 230oC, 265oC dan 275oC pada putaran 50 rpm. Pengaruh penambahan filler pada sistem campuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA terhadap sifat mekanik dilakukan dengan menambahkan filler clay dengan konsentrasi 1, 3, 5, 7 dan 10 % (rasio berat). Hasil pencampuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA dan penambahan filler clay dikarakterisasi sifat mekanik yaitu tensile strength, impact strength dan sifat termalnya dengan DSC, TGA serta morfologinya dengan SEM. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai optimal dari penambahan kompatibilizer PP-g-MA pada konsentrasi 7% (rasio berat) dengan nilai kuat tarik sebesar 29,25 MPa. Penambahan filler clay dalam sistem campuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA pada konsentrasi 7 % (rasio berat) berpengaruh terhadap sifat mekanik, termal dan sifat morfologinya. Semakin besar penggunaan filler clay menyebabkan sifat Emodulus meningkat, kuat tarik menurun, elongasi menurun dan kekuatan impak juga menurun. Kekuatan mekanik terbesar dicapai pada penambahan filler 1 % (rasio berat) dan nilai E-modulus terbesar pada penggunaan filler 10% (rasio berat). Sifat termal pada penambahan filler didapatkan kecenderungan meningkatkan kestabilan termal dan menurunnya derajat kristalinitas PP campuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA/filler clay.

---

Advancement of material engineering makes polymer blend as an important polymer material engineering method among other methods because of its wide applications. In this research, blending between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) polymer materials using compatibilizer PP-g-MA was produced. Single-screw extrusion machine with temperature parameters of 210oC, 230oC, 265oC and 275oC at 50 rpm was used during mixing process. The influence of filler supplementation on mixture system of PET/PP/PP-g-MA on mechanical properties was carried out by adding filler clay of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10% (weight ratio).

The mixing result of PET/PP/PP-g-MA and supplementation of filler clay was characterized mechanically (tensile strength, impact strength), thermally (DSC, TGA), and morphologically (SEM). Optimal value of compatibilizer PP-g-MA supplementation was obtained at concentration of 7% (weight ratio) with tensile strength of 29.25 MPa. Supplementation of filler clay into the system of 7% (weight ratio) influenced their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. The higher the ratio of filler clay, the higher the E-modulus property, the lower the tensile strength, the lower the elongation, and the lower the impact strength. The highest mechanical strength was obtained at filler supplementation of 1% (weight ratio) and the highest E-modulus value was obtained at filler supplementation of 10% (weight ratio). Thermal properties of filler supplementation tends to increase thermal stability and decrease crystallinity of PP mixed with PET/PP/PP-g-MA/filler clay."

"Nanokomposit polimer-clay merupakan bahan dengan matrik polimer yang diperkuat dengan nanofiller seperti lapisan silika. Pada penelitian ini pembuatan nanokomposit diawali dengan pembuatan masterbatch organo clay dengan penggunaan pelarut kemudian dicampur dengan polimer. Masterbatch dalam penelitian ini dihasilkan dari pencampuran Organo Layered Silicate (OLS), Ethylene Glycol, dan Polypropylene grafted maleic An hydride (PP-g-MA). Pembuatan nanokomposit polipropilen clay dilakukan di dalam mesin Rheomex (twin screw extruder) dengan mencampur masterbatch dan PP. Pengujian material yang dilakukan adalah pengujian XRD, TEM, HDT, dan uji tarik. Hasil yang diperoleh pada pengukuran HDT menunjukkan kenaikan sebesar 22 % pada komposit OLS Nanomer I.44PT dibanding dengan nilai HDT PP murni. Modulus elastisitas menunjukkan kenaikan sebesar 36 % pada komposit OLS DTDA dibanding dengan PP murni.

---

Polimer - clay nanocomposite is a material with a polimer matrix which is toughened by nanofiller such as silica particles. In this research,, nanocomposite was prepared from the production of organoclay masterbatch through a mixture of a solvent and a polymer. The masterbatch were produced from a mixture of organo layered silicate (OLS), Ethylene Glycol, and Polypropylene grafted maleic An hydride (PP-g-MA). The production of PP clay nanocomposite was done in Rheomex machine (twin screw extruder) by mixing the masterbatch and PP. The materials evaluated were using XRD, TEM, HDT, and tensile test. The results of HDT measurement showed that the OLS Nanomer composites were 22 % higher compared to the pristine PP. The modulus of elasticity of OLS ? DTDA composites increased 36 % compared to the pristine PP."

"Pada penelitian ini, nanokomposit clay-epoxy menggunakan Organo clay Nanomer I30E, epoxy resin DER 331 dan curing agent Versamid 125 disintesa dengan metode in situ polimerization. Sebagai pembanding, komposit serat gelas-epoxy menggunakan serat gelas komersial dan epoxy resin dan curing agent yang sama disintesa dengan metode wet laminating.Karakterisasi struktur internal dan permukaan fracture, yang masing-masing menggunakan XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) dan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit telah berhasil disintesa. Nanokomposit memiliki struktur eksfoliasi pada komposisi clay <7.34 (% berat) dan struktur eksfoliasi dan interkalasi pada komposisi clay ≥ 7.34 (% berat). Nanokomposit dengan komposisi clay 2.10 (% berat) terdiri dari fasa epoxy dan fasa aglomerasi clay dan memiliki tanda fracture berbentuk kerucut.Hasil uji tarik, tekan dan kekerasan menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit, yang disintesa dengan teknik pencampuran DM (Direct Mixing), tidak layak digunakan untuk aplikasi struktural pada pesawat terbang menggantikan komposit serat gelas-epoxy. Hasil uji tarik menunjukkan nanokomposit yang terbentuk memiliki perilaku yang sama dengan komposit particulate epoxy, yaitu tensile strength yang mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan komposisi clay. Hasil uji tekan dan kekerasan masing-masing menunjukkan yield compression strength yang tidak mengalami perubahan dan kekerasan mengalami sedikit peningkatan, yang tidak tergantung pada komposisi clay, seiring dengan penambahan komposisi clay.

---

In this observation, clay-epoxy nanocomposites using Nanomer I30E organo clay, DER 331 epoxy resin and Versamid 125 curing agent were synthesized with an in-situ polimerization method. As comparison, fiberglass-epoxy composites using commercial fiber glass and the same epoxy resin and curing agent were synthesized with wet laminating method.

Characterization of internal structure and fracture morphology, using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) respectively, showed that nanocomposites had been successfully synthesized. Nanocomposites owned an exfoliated structure at clay composition <7.34 (% weight) and a mixture of exfoliated and intercalated structure at clay composition >7.34 (% weight). The nanocomposite with clay composition 2.10 (% weight) consisted of epoxy fase and clay agglomerates fase and owned cone shape fracture markings.

The results of tensile, compression and hardness testings showed that nanocomposites, synthesized using DM (Direct Mixing) dispersion technique, was found not suitable for structural application in aircraft replacing fiberglass-epoxy composite. The result of tensile testing showed nanocomposite formed owned similar behavior to particulateepoxy composite, where the tensile strength experienced decrease as clay composition was increased. The results of compression and hardness testings showed that yield compression strength didn’t experience change and hardness experienced few increases, which was not affected by clay’s composition, as clay's composition increased."

"Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposite materials are constructed from a polymer as a matrix and an organoclay as filler. Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposites have been synthesized using various curing agents. The aim of this research was to study the influence of the curing agent and the organoclay contents to the structure and mechanical properties of nanocomposites materials. Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposites were synthesized using cycloaliphatic amine as a curing agent and a montmorillonite organoclay (MMT) as filler through an in situ polymerization method. XRD and TEM technique provide more detail information to understand the structure that relates to the mechanical properties of the materials. Tensile test, compressive test and hardness test were conducted based on ASTM and JIS standards. The fracture surfaces after tensile tests were analyzed using SEM. The nanocomposite properties were compared to glass-fiber composites which were synthesized using wet-laminating method.It was found that the curing agent is influence to the nanocomposites structure which was shown by the change of d-spacing before and after the addition of the agent curing. XRD and TEM techniques showed that both intercalated and exfoliated structure have been formed. TEM image also exhibited that the number of intercalated structure was higher when the organoclay content was higher. It can be said that TEM techniques provides a better understanding of the nanocomposites structure and the number intercalated structure increase as the organoclay increases.The organoclay contain also influences to mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials. The addition of 10.5 wt.% organoclay improved the tensile modulus by 185% but and decreased tensile strength by 186% and 49%, and these values are lower of 36% and 90% compared to glass fiber composites. These decreases in the strength may be attributed to the fact that agglomerate and void was formed. From compression test, the addition of 3.1 wt.% organoclay demonstrated a 102% increase in compression strength and a 93% increase in load maximum compare to epoxy resin. But, that compression strength value lower of 11% compared to glass fiber composites. For the maximum load, the addition of 3.1 wt.% organoclay improved 246% compared to glass fiber composites. Addition of 7.3 wt.% organoclay demonstrated an increase of modulus of the epoxy resin by 93% and 2% compare to glass fiber composites. Meanwhile, the addition of 10.5% organoclay cause decreasing in yield compression up to 31%, but this higher value equal to 406% from is glass fiber composites. While that, result of hardness test do not show the make-up of value meaning in comparison with epoxy matrix."

"Preparasi nanokomposit masterbatch pati/organoclay digunakan sebagai bahan pencampur pembuatan plastik kemasan yang bersifat biodegradable. Masterbatch tersusun atas pati singkong (tapioka), organoclay (montmorillonite), dan bahan aditif (plasticizer dan compatibilizer). Proses sintesis dengan metode melt compounding (pencampuran lelehan) yang dilakukan menggunakan alat Rheomix mixer. Untuk mendapatkan masterbatch optimum, struktur dan morfologi dari masterbatch diamati menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Bahan aditif gliserol monostearat (GMS) dan gum rosin (GR) dapat mempengaruhi perbedaan pembentukan thermoplastic starch (TPS) yang menjadi matriks dari masterbatch. Penggunaan GMS sebagai aditif dengan konsentrasi pati sebesar 36% (wt) menunjukkan morfologi permukaan yang paling homogen, pati mengalami destrukturasi menjadi TPS secara merata, menghasilkan penurunan basal spacing menjadi 2,04 nm dan terbentuk struktur interkalasi. Penggunaan GR sebagai aditif dengan konsentrasi pati yang sama, menunjukkan morfologi permukaan yang kurang homogen, tidak semua pati mengalami destrukturasi dan peningkatan basal spacing organoclay sebesar 3,89 nm serta terbentuk struktur eksfoliasi. Selain itu, peningkatan konsentrasi pati juga memberikan pengaruh terhadap morfologi masterbatch. Semakin banyak konsentrasi pati, morfologi dari masterbatch semakin tidak homogen.

---

Preparation of nanocomposite masterbatch starch / organoclay were used as biodegradable mixed materials on the manufacturing of plastic packaging. Masterbatch consist of cassava starch, organoclay (montmorillonite), and additives (plasticizer and compatibilizer). The synthesis process by melt compounding using a Rheomix mixer. To obtain optimum structure and morphology of the masterbatch were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The Additives glycerol monostearate (GMS) and gum rosin (GR) can influenced the differences in the homogeneous of thermoplastic starch (TPS) as a matrix of the masterbatch. The using of GMS as an additive with a 36% (wt) concentration of starch showed the most homogeneous surface morphology, destructuring of starch into TPS homogeneously, the basal spacing of organoclay was decreased into 2.04 nm and obtain intercalated structure. The using of GR as an additive with the same concentration of starch, showed a less homogeneous surface morphology, destructuring of starch into TPS is not homogeneous, increased basal spacing to 3.89 nm and obtain exfoliated structure. Furthermore, the increased starch concentrations was also influence on the morphology of masterbatch. Increased of starch concentration caused the non homogeneous morphology of the masterbatch."

"Characteristic of thermal property, electrical property and crystal structure of sic ceramic with additif clay addition. Ceramic sic has been made from raw materials Sic technics and clay as additive. Clay composition is 0,1,3,4 % weight, where function of clay is as a binder and it can not influence properties of Sic...."