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"Kebuiuhan akan material rekayasa yang memiliki sifat ketahanan aus yang baik, kekerasan permukaan dan ketangguhan yang tinggi menjadi alasan pentingnya proses karburisasi padat dengan metode pencelupan yang bervariasi. Proses karburisasi padat dapat meningkatkan kekerasan permukaan material, sementara bagian intinya tetap lunak. Penambahan 25% energizer, pemilihan temperatur proses serta pemilihan metode peucelipan terientu, merupakan fungsi kontrol proses untuk mendapatkan kekerasan dan kedalaman pengerasan (case depth) sesuai kebutuhan. Proses karburisasi padat umunmya dilakukan pada range temperatur 850-925°C, tetapi wniuk aplikasi tertenta dapat digunakan temperatur overheating (/050°C). Proses karburisasi dilakukan dengan media arang batok kelapa ditambah 25% energizer (NaxCQ;), Penambahan 25% energizer dapat mengakibathan oksidasi pada permukaan material, karena jumiah oksigen yang berlebihan. Media pencelupan yang digunakan adalah air dengan metode pencelupan langsung, pencelupan tunggal dan pencelupan ganda, Ketiga metode ini menghasilkan kekerasan dan kedalaman pengerasan yang berbeda-beda. Pemanasan material sampai temepratur austenisasi, ferufuma pada femperatur overheating akan menghasilkan austenit sisa dalam jumiah yang signifikan, apabila dicelup langsung ke dalam media celup. Hal ini akan mengurargi kekerasan kekerasan permukaan yang dihasilkan, Austenit sisa tersebut dapat dikurangi dengan melakukan proses pencelupan kedua."

"Kemajuan dalam industri otomotif menuntut material badan kendaraan harus mempunyai sifat yang ringan, tahan penyok, mampu meredam getaran dan mempunyai harga yang murah. Untuk memenuhi tuntutan seperti itu dikembangkanlah suatu jenis baja bake hardening. Bake hardening steel adalah baja yang meningkat nilai tegangan luluhnya setelah mengalami proses press forming dan paint baking.Material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah baja karbon rendah dengan spesifikasi CQ 3 EN produksi PT Krakatau Steel. Material ini mempunyai komposisi kimia seperti terdapat dalam tabel 111.1.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regangan awal dan lamanya waktu tahan pada temperatur paint baking, mempengaruhi nilai bake hardenability material. Penambahan regangan awal dari 0 sampai 10% akan meningkatkan nilai Bh dari 4 sampai 90 MPa. Sedangkan lamanya waktu tahan dari 5 sampai 40 menit, nilai Bh cenderung naik sampai penahanan 20 menit, kemudian kurva grafik cenderung landai apabila waktu tahan diteruskan sampai 40 menit. Hasil yang identik ditemukan pada percobaan stretching dan deep drawing.

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Nowadays, in the development of automotive industry is needed the material for body cars, which fulfill all the requirements such as light, high denting resistance, dump resistance and low price. In order to reach those requirements, was bake hardening steel is developed. Bake hardening steel is a type of steel that the yield strength increases after press forming and paint baking.

Low carbon steel type CQ 3 EN produced by PT Krakatau Steel is used in this research and the chemical composition of this material is displayed in table 111.1.

The result obtains in this way shows that pre strain and holding time of paint bake temperature will influence on the bake harden ability of the material. Bh will increase 4-90 MPa if pre strain was added from 0 up to 10%. In the other hand, Bh will increased until holding time was 20 minutes and after that tend to constant if holding time added up to 40 minutes. The similar result was found in other researches such as stretching and deep drawing."

"[ABSTRAKKorosi pada tubing baja karbon merupakan masalah serius bagi eksplorasi dan produksi minyak dan gas. Perilaku korosi baja paduan rendah 3%Cr (3Cr) dan baja karbon J55 dalam lingkungan air formasi diinvesitigasi dengan menggunakan pengujian tafel polarisasi potensiodinamik, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) dan pengamatan metalografi. Komposisi dan morfologi dari produk korosi kedua baja dianalisa dengan energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) dan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hasil pengujian memperlihatkan adanya korosi lokal pada baja J55 dengan struktur mikro pro-eutektoit ferit dan perlit, dan tidak terlihat pada baja 3Cr dengan struktur mikro martensit temper dikarenakan terbentuknya lapisan produk korosi kaya-Cr yang padat, kontinyu dan melekat dengan baik ke permukaan baja. Lapisan produk korosi yang bercelah dan tidak kontinyu pada baja J55 menyediakan jalan bagi ion-ion agresif untuk masuk dan menimbulkan korosi lokal pada permukaan baja.ABSTRACTCorrosion of carbon steel tubings is a serious problem for oil and gas wet exploration and production. Corrosion behaviour of low bearing 3%Cr (3Cr) alloy steel and J55 carbon steel in produced water were investigated by polarisation potentiodynamic tafel, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and metallography observation. The composition and morphology of corrosion products were analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that there was localized corrosion was observed in J55 carbon steel with pro-eutectoid ferrite and pearlite microstructure, which did not exist in 3Cr steel with tempered martensite microstructure due to formation of a dense, continuous and adherent Cr-rich scale on surface steel. Many pits in the less adherent corrosion scale of J55 carbon steel could build up ion-diffusion channels which would degrade the protective capabilities of the product films and aggravate localized corrosion.;Corrosion of carbon steel tubings is a serious problem for oil and gas wet exploration and production. Corrosion behaviour of low bearing 3%Cr (3Cr) alloy steel and J55 carbon steel in produced water were investigated by polarisation potentiodynamic tafel, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and metallography observation. The composition and morphology of corrosion products were analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that there was localized corrosion was observed in J55 carbon steel with pro-eutectoid ferrite and pearlite microstructure, which did not exist in 3Cr steel with tempered martensite microstructure due to formation of a dense, continuous and adherent Cr-rich scale on surface steel. Many pits in the less adherent corrosion scale of J55 carbon steel could build up ion-diffusion channels which would degrade the protective capabilities of the product films and aggravate localized corrosion.;Corrosion of carbon steel tubings is a serious problem for oil and gas wet exploration and production. Corrosion behaviour of low bearing 3%Cr (3Cr) alloy steel and J55 carbon steel in produced water were investigated by polarisation potentiodynamic tafel, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and metallography observation. The composition and morphology of corrosion products were analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that there was localized corrosion was observed in J55 carbon steel with pro-eutectoid ferrite and pearlite microstructure, which did not exist in 3Cr steel with tempered martensite microstructure due to formation of a dense, continuous and adherent Cr-rich scale on surface steel. Many pits in the less adherent corrosion scale of J55 carbon steel could build up ion-diffusion channels which would degrade the protective capabilities of the product films and aggravate localized corrosion., Corrosion of carbon steel tubings is a serious problem for oil and gas wet exploration and production. Corrosion behaviour of low bearing 3%Cr (3Cr) alloy steel and J55 carbon steel in produced water were investigated by polarisation potentiodynamic tafel, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and metallography observation. The composition and morphology of corrosion products were analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that there was localized corrosion was observed in J55 carbon steel with pro-eutectoid ferrite and pearlite microstructure, which did not exist in 3Cr steel with tempered martensite microstructure due to formation of a dense, continuous and adherent Cr-rich scale on surface steel. Many pits in the less adherent corrosion scale of J55 carbon steel could build up ion-diffusion channels which would degrade the protective capabilities of the product films and aggravate localized corrosion.]"