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"In 1961 South Korea was mired in poverty. By 1979 it had a powerful industrial economy and a vibrant civil society in the making, which would lead to a democratic breakthrough eight years later. The transformation took place during the years of Park Chung Hee's presidency. Park seized power in a coup in 1961 and ruled as a virtual dictator until his assassination in October 1979. He is credited with modernizing South Korea, but at a huge political and social cost.South Korea's political landscape under Park defies easy categorization. The state was predatory yet technocratic, reform-minded yet quick to crack down on dissidents in the name of political order. The nation was balanced uneasily between opposition forces calling for democratic reforms and the Park government's obsession with economic growth. The chaebol (a powerful conglomerate of multinationals based in South Korea) received massive government support to pioneer new growth industries, even as a nationwide campaign of economic shock therapy-interest hikes, devaluation, and wage cuts-met strong public resistance and caused considerable hardship.This landmark volume examines South Korea's era of development as a study in the complex politics of modernization. Drawing on an extraordinary range of sources in both English and Korean, these essays recover and contextualize many of the ambiguities in South Korea's trajectory from poverty to a sustainable high rate of economic growth."

"ABSTRACTKedatangan Hwagyo ke Korea diprakarsai oleh empat puluh pedagang dari Dinasti Qing di akhir abad ke-19. Dinamika kehidupannya melewati banyak masa hingga sampai ke masa Park Chung Hee. Studi ini akan berfokus pada kehidupan Hwagyo di masa Park Chung Hee. Studi ini dimulai dari sejarah cikal bakal masyarakat Hwagyo di Korea. Kemudian, studi ini akan menampilkan corak umum pemerintahan Park Chung Hee beserta kebijakan-kebijakannya yang terasa diskriminatif bagi kaum Hwagyo di Korea. Studi ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari tahap heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Selain itu, studi ini juga menampilkan cuplikan wawancara terhadap kaum Hwagyo yang merasa terdiskriminasi oleh kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintahan Park Chung Hee.

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ABSTRACTHwagyo 39 s arrival to Korea was initiated by forty merchants from the Qing Dynasty at the end of the 19th century. The dynamics of their life went through time up to the time until Park Chung Hee rsquo s era. This study will focus on the life of Hwagyo in Park Chung Hee 39 s era. This study starts from the history of the Hwagyo in Korea. Later, this study will discuss about Park Chung Hee 39 s government and its discriminatory policies againts Hwagyo in Korea. This study uses historical methods consisting of heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. In addition, the study also features few interviews with Hwagyo who feel discriminated against by Park Chung Hee 39 s government policiesHwagyo 39 s arrival to Korea was initiated by forty merchants from the Qing Dynasty at the end of the 19th century. The dynamics of their life went through time up to the time until Park Chung Hee rsquo s era. This study will focus on the life of Hwagyo in Park Chung Hee 39 s era. This study starts from the history of the Hwagyo in Korea. Later, this study will discuss about Park Chung Hee 39 s government and its discriminatory policies againts Hwagyo in Korea. This study uses historical methods consisting of heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. In addition, the study also features few interviews with Hwagyo who feel discriminated against by Park Chung Hee 39's government policies."

"Kesuksesan perekonomian dan industri di Korea Selatan, tidak terlepas dari peranan salah satu presiden Korea Selatan bernama Park Chung Hee (박정희) yang berasal dari kalangan militer. Meskipun kebijakan yang dijalankan menuai banyak kritik, Park Chung Hee memiliki jasa besar bagi Korea Selatan. Dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, melalui kebijakan-kebijakan ia berhasil memperbaiki perekonomian yang dapat memajukan kesejahteraan rakyat Korea Selatan. Kebijakan Park Chung Hee pun menjadi dasar kesuksesan ekonomi dan industri Korea Selatan saat ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah yang diawali dengan mengumpulkan sumber-sumber sejarah (heuristik) berupa buku-buku dan artikel-artikel yang berkaitan dengan Park Chung Hee. Setelah semua sumber dikritik, diverifikasi, dan diintreprestasikan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan-kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh Park Chung Hee telah memberikan bentuk dasar perekonomian Korea Selatan sehingga membawa Korea Selatan menjadi salah satu negara dengan kekuatan ekonomi yang patut diperhitungkan.

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The success of economy and industry aspect in South Korea are linked to the role of one of the South Korean president, Park Chung Hee, which used the method that derived from the military. Despite his policy cause many critics, Park Chung Hee has a great service for South Korea. In a relatively short time, through his policies he was able to fix the economy that can advance the welfare of the South Korea peoples. Park Chung Hee?s policy became the basis of the economic success and industry of South Korea today. The method that been used is the qualitative method with history approach which begins with collecting historical source or heuristic in form books and articles about Park Chung Hee. After all sources being criticized, verified, and interpreted, it can be concluded that the policies carried out by Park Chung Hee has provided the basic form of the South Korean economy that correlate in bringing South Korea into one of the country with economic power to be reckoned with. "

"Tugas Karya Akhir ini membahas mengenai peran negara dalam mendorong Chaebol dalam pembangunan industri dengan mengambil studi kasus industri otomotif di Korea Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Kualitatif dan menganalisa mengenai peran negara dalam mendorong Chaebol untuk berpartisipasi dalam industri otomotif. Sebagaimana yang umumnya berlaku di negara industri baru yang belum tumbuh, para pebisnis besar di negara industri baru berada dalam kondisi kurang secara modal dan teknologi, peran negara yang besar dengan demikian menjadi sentral sebagai inisiator industrialisasi.Temuan penulis menunjukan bahwa daripada bermotif semata-mata ekonomis, untuk mempromosikan ekspor dan membangun sektor industri ini sebagai garda depan industri, tujuan pengembangan sektor otomotif lebih didasarkan pada faktor ekonomi politik. Begitu juga dengan kondisi para Chaebol yang berpartisipasi dalam industri otomotif, meskipun negara telah memberi kebebasan kepada mereka untuk berpartisipasi dalam sektor industri, namun negara masih memperoleh kontrol kuat melalui instrumen kebijakan yang membatasi ruang gerak para Chaebol.

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This Final Paper discusses the role of the state in emboldening the Chaebol in bolstering industrial development which takes automobile industry in South Korea as case study. This research employs qualitative method and analyses the role of the state in encouraging the Chaebol to participate in automobile industry en masse. As generally prevailed in fledgling NIC's, South Korean conglomerates still lack both suffice capital and sophisticated technology. All in all, in such deplorable circumstances to economic growth the role of the state was pivotal as pioneer of industrialization.The finding of this research shows that the reason of the state to burgeon automobile industry was not solely on economic reason, that is to promote export and build this sector as spearhead in industrialization, as a matter of fact it was driven sheerly by political economic logic. So too the Chaebol which participated in automobile industry which was given freedom to participate in industrial sectors yet the state still harnessed them by means of policy instrument."

"Skripsi ini membahas peranan nilai-nilai Konfusianisme sebagai pandangan fundamental bangsa Korea keseluruhan dalam pemerintahan Park Chung Hee secara khusus dan pengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan ekonomi Korea Selatan tahun 1961-1979. Pembahasan tersebut akan mengurai bagaimana pengaruh internal (nilai-nilai Konfusianisme) dan eksternal (pengaruh Amerika Serikat dan Jepang) berpengaruh kepada Park Chung Hee dan pemerintahannya. Penelitian akan dibuktikan dengan analisis kualitatif deskriptif atas nilai-nilai Konfusianisme yang terkandung dalam kepemimpinan Park Chung Hee, kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintahan Park serta resistensinya terhadap Konfusianisme dan pengaruh asing. Hasil studi ini membuktikan adanya hubungan antara nilai-nilai Konfusianisme dengan kepemimpinan Park Chung Hee tahun 1961-1979 dalam peranannya terhadap perkembangan ekonomi Korea Selatan.

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The focus of this study is to explain the role of Confucian values as Korean’s fundamental view in Park Chung Hee’s era specifically and its influences toward South Korea’s economy development 1961-1979. This study would describe how both internal factor (Confucian values) and external factor (USA and Japan) give influences toward Park Chung Hee himself and his government. This study will be conducted by descriptive-qualitative analysis of Confucian values on Park’s era, Park government’s policies, and also their resistance towards Confucianism itself and foreign influences. This study itself concludes that there is a correlation between Confucian values and Park Chung Hee’s era (1961-1979) due to its role toward South Korea’s economy development."

"ABSTRAKJurnal ini membahas mengenai kritik sosial yang ingin disampaikan oleh Kim Chi Ha terhadap pemerintahan Park Chung Hee dalam tiga puisinya yang berjudul Tanenun Mokmareumeuro, Yeoul 2 dan Jageun Geoseul Boja. Jurnal ini ingin memperlihatkan keadaan Korea Selatan yang menderita akibat pemerintahan Park Chung Hee yang otoriter dan anti demokrasi, melalui kritik yang disampaikan oleh Kim Chi Ha melalui simbol-simbol yang ada di dalam puisinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah melalui pendekatan semiotik dengan metode kualitatif serta analisis deskriptif dan penggunaan metode studi pustaka sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ketiga puisi karangan Kim Chi Ha menggambarkan pemerintahan Park Chung Hee yang anti demokrasi, tidak memperlakukan rakyatnya secara manusiawi dan tidak adanya hubungan yang harmonis antara rakyat dan pemerintah.

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ABSTRACTThis journal discusses the social criticism from Kim Chi Ha to Park Chung Hee 39 s government in his three poems entitled Tanenun Mokmareumeuro, Yeoul 2 and Jageun Geoseul Boja. This journal wants to show the state of South Korea suffering from authoritarian and anti democratic of Park Chung Hee rsquo s government, through criticism delivered by Kim Chi Ha by symbols in his poetry. The method used is through semiotic method with qualitative methods and descriptive analysis and the use of literature as a method of data collection. The results of the research from this journal are through the criticisms of Taneun Mokmareumeuro poetry, Yeoul 2 and Jageun Geoseul Boja, seen that the Park Chung Hee government is an anti democratic government, does not treat its people humanely and there is no harmonious relationship between the people and government."