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"Pemerintah melakukan perubahan ambang batas hunian mewah yang dikenakan PPnBM menjadi Rp 30 miliar yang dituangkan dalam PMK Nomor 86/PMK.010/2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis latar belakang formulasi perubahan ambang batas hunian mewah yang dikenakan pajak penjualan atas barang mewah dan proses formulasi kebijakan perubahan ambang batas hunian mewah yang dikenakan pajak penjualan atas barang mewah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam dan metode analisis data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah tujuan dinaikkannya batasan PPnBM hunian mewah adalah sebagai upaya pemerintah mendukung pertumbuhan industri properti residensial yang sedang melemah. Sedangkan proses formulasi kebijakan dilakukan dengan cara dimulai dari pemberian masukan oleh REI. Setelah itu, dilakukan pembahasan substansi kebijakan yang dipimpin oleh BKF dengan pihak-pihak terkait. Pihak tersebut diantaranya adalah DJP, Kemenko Perekonomian, dan Kementerian PUPR. Lalu, dilakukan rapat perumusan RPMK dengan mengundang biro hukum masing-masing Kementerian dan Kemenkumham.

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The government made changes to the luxury residential threshold subjected to PPnBM into IDR 30 billion as outlined in PMK Number 86/PMK.010/2019. This study aims to analyze the background of the formulation of changes in the threshold for luxury residences subjected to sales tax on luxury goods and the policy formulation process for changing the threshold for luxury residences subjected to sales tax on luxury goods. This study uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interview data collection techniques and qualitative data analysis methods. The results of this study are the purpose of increasing the PPnBM threshold for luxury residences as an effort by the government to support the growth of the residential property industry which is currently slowing down. While the policy formulation process is carried out by starting from providing input by REI. After that, a discussion of the substance of the policy led by the Fiscal Policy Agency (BKF) was carried out with related parties. These parties include the DGT, the Coordinating Ministry for the Economy, and the Ministry of Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing. Then, a meeting was held to formulate the RPMK by inviting the legal bureaus of each Ministry and the Ministry of Law and Human Rights."

"Amandemen konstitusi yang berlangsung sejak tahun 1999 hingga 2022 mempertegas bahwa Negara Indonesia menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensial. Salah satu cara yang sering dibahas untuk meningkatkan efektivitas sistem pemerintahan presidensial adalah dengan melaksanakan pemilu secara serentak dengan menerapkan ambang batas pencalonan presiden yang sekarang diatur dalam pasal 222 UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilu yang memberikan syarat kepada partai politik harus mendapatkan minimal 20 persen kursi DPR atau 25 persen suara sah nasional untuk bisa mengusung Calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Dalam praktiknya, ketentuan ini selalu mengundang kontroversi dan sudah berulang kali diuji di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Tulisan ini akan menjelaskan secara detail bagaimana pengaturan ambang batas pencalonan presiden di Indonesia. Kemudian, tulisan ini juga akan menganalisis bagaimana ambang batas pencalonan presiden menurut putusan mahkamah konstitusi tahun 2022-2023. Tulisan ini disusun menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa norma ambang batas pencalonan presiden tidak diatur dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945, konstitusi hanya mengatur ambang batas kemenangan yang tercantum pada pasal 6 ayat (3). Norma ambang batas pencalonan presiden diatur secara detail pada undang-undang yang mengatur tentang teknis pelaksanaan pemilihan umum seperti UU No.23 Tahun 2003, UU No.42 Tahun 2008, dan UU No.7 Tahun 2017. Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam putusan-putusan nya selalu menegaskan bahwa norma ambang batas pencalonan presiden merupakan kebijakan hukum terbuka dan tidak bertentangan dengan UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Mahkamah Konstitusi menilai bahwa norma ambang batas pencalonan presiden memberikan dampak positif kepada sistem pemerintahan presidensial yang kuat.

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The constitutional amendments that took place from 1999 to 2022 emphasized that Indonesia adheres to a presidential system of government. One way that is often discussed to increase the effectiveness of the presidential government system is to hold elections simultaneously by implementing the presidential nomination threshold which is now regulated in article 222 of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning Elections which provides conditions for political parties to obtain a minimum of 20 percent of DPR seats. or 25 percent of valid national votes to be able to nominate candidates for President and Vice President. In practice, this provision always invites controversy and has been repeatedly tested at the Constitutional Court. This article will explain in detail how the threshold for presidential candidacy is set in Indonesia. Then, this article will also analyze the threshold for presidential candidacy according to the decision of the constitutional court in 2022- 2023. This article was prepared using doctrinal research methods. The research results show that the threshold norms for presidential candidacy are not regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the constitution only regulates the victory threshold as stated in article 6 paragraph (3). The threshold norms for presidential candidacy are regulated in detail in laws that regulate the technical implementation of general elections, such as Law No. 23 of 2003, Law No. 42 of 2008, and Law No. 7 of 2017. The Constitutional Court in its decisions always emphasized that the threshold norm for presidential candidacy is an open legal policy and does not conflict with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Constitutional Court considered that the threshold norm for presidential candidacy had a positive impact on a strong presidential government system."

"Keberadaan Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) di lingkungan mengalami peningkatan seiring berjalannya waktu. AMR mulai ditemukan terkandung pada air tanah sebagai salah satu pencemar mikrobiologis. Kota Metro sebagai mayoritas pengguna air tanah dari sumur bor dan gali, yakni mencapai 90% perlu waspada terhadap keberadaan AMR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi E. coli dan E. coli resistan terhadap cefotaxime serta rasio perbandingannya, menganalisis pengaruh faktor curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban, pH, total padatan terlarut, dan kekeruhan terhadap kadar konsentrasi, serta memberikan rekomendasi tindakan pengelolaan air tanah berdasarkan prevalensi bakteri E. coli dan E. coli resistan di Kota Metro. Penelitian ini dilakukan di 11 lokasi selama bulan November – Februari menggunakan IDEXX Colilert-18 dan Quanti-Tray/2000 untuk mendeteksi konsentrasi E. coli dan E. coli resistan melalui penggunaan antibiotik cefotaxime. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 67% air tanah mengandung E. coli dan sebanyak 27% di antaranya bersifat resistan terhadap cefotaxime. Persentase keberadaan (1) E. coli dan (2) E. coli resistan dengan kategori risiko sangat tinggi (>100 MPN/100 ml) mencapai (1) 24% dan (2) 0%; risiko tinggi (>10 – 100 MPN/100 ml) (1) 13% dan (2) 2%; risiko menengah (1 – 10 MPN/100 ml) (1) 31% dan (2) 16%; dan risiko rendah (<1 MPN/100 ml) (1) 33% dan (2) 82%. Peningkatan konsentrasi E. coli berkorelasi dengan faktor curah hujan, suhu, dan kekeruhan sedangkan peningkatan konsentrasi E. coli resistan berkorelasi dengan faktor curah hujan. Hubungan korelasi didapatkan melalui uji peringkat Spearman berdasarkan signifikansi (p-value) < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil prevalensi, masyarakat dapat meminimalisasi konsentrasi dengan cara memodifikasi kondisi fisik sumur agar sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kementerian PUPR dan SNI. Masyarakat juga dapat menggunakan filter sederhana, misalnya filter granular untuk memfiltrasi air sebelum digunakan. Walaupun langkah tersebut dilakukan, perlu diingat bahwa terdapat faktor pengaruh lain yang dapat memengaruhi konsentrasi E. coli dan E. coli resistan, salah satunya adalah kontaminan di sekitar sumur, seperti feses manusia, feses hewan ternak, dan sisa air buangan rumah tangga. Maka, peran pemerintah dalam penyediaan layanan fasilitas air bersih menjadi salah satu langkah untuk mengurangi penggunaan air tanah yang terkontaminasi.

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The prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in the environment has been increasing over time. AMR has been detected in groundwater as one of the microbiological pollutants. Metro City, where the majority relies on groundwater from boreholes and wells, accounting for 90%, must be vigilant against AMR. This study aims to analyze the concentration of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli, along with their ratio, to analyze the influence of rainfall, temperature, humidity, pH, total dissolved solids, and turbidity on concentration levels, and to provide recommendations for groundwater management based on the prevalence of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli in Metro City. The research was conducted at 11 locations from November to February using the IDEXX Colilert-18 and Quanti-Tray/2000 to detect the concentration of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli through the use of antibiotics. The results showed that 67% of the groundwater contained E. coli, with 27% being resistant to cefotaxime. The percentage of presence of (1) E. coli and (2) cefotaxime-resistant E. coli with very high-risk categories (>100 MPN/100 ml) reached (1) 24% and (2) 0%; high risk (>10 – 100 MPN/100 ml) (1) 13% and (2) 2%; moderate risk (1 – 10 MPN/100 ml) (1) 31% and (2) 16%; and low risk (<1 MPN/100 ml) (1) 33% and (2) 82%. The increase in E. coli concentration correlated with rainfall, temperature, and turbidity, while the increase in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli concentration correlated with rainfall. Correlation relationships were determined through Spearman rank tests based on significance (p- value) < 0.05. Based on the prevalence, the community can minimize concentrations by modifying the physical conditions of wells to meet the standards set by the Ministry of Public Works and SNI. The community can also use simple filters, such as granular filters, to filter water before use. Despite these measures, it should be noted that there are other influencing factors that can affect the concentration of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli, such as contaminants around the well, such as human feces, livestock feces and household wastewater. Therefore, the government's role in providing clean water facilities becomes one of the steps to reduce the use of contaminated groundwater."

"Kota Metro merupakan salah satu kota dengan tingkat pelayanan air perpipaan yang rendah (5,05%), sehingga sebagian besar masyrakatnya menggunakan air tanah dengan sistem self-supply. Akan tetapi, keamanan sistem sumber self supply saat ini menjadi isu di masyarakat. Metode continuous monitoring dari April – Oktober 2021 melalui telepon setiap bulan dilakukan untuk membantu penilaian tingkat layanan air minum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis variabilitas sumber air bersih dan air minum, menganalisis variabilitas tingkat pelayanan air minum yang dipersepsikan aman, menganalisis variabilitas biaya operasional dan pengelolaan layanan sumber air minum di rumah tangga, dan menganalisis intervensi pengolahan air minum di rumah tangga untuk meningkatkan kualitas air minum. Analisis dilakukan dengan analisis statistik deskriptif dan software SPSS 24 untuk uji Regresi Logistik Biner. Hasil menunjukkan 97% sumber air masyarakat Kota Metro adalah sumber air self-supply, yang didominasi oleh sumur gali tak terlindungi milik pribadi (45% sumber air bersih dan 30% sumber air minum). Berdasarkan persepsi rumah tangga (keamanan, rasa, penampilan, bau, keandalan, dan ketersediaan air minum), air isi ulang dan air kemasan memiliki tingkat keamanan paling konsisten selama 6 bulan survei (100%). Sistem non-self-supply diketahui lebih aman dari sistem self-supply dengan persentase 98% dan 95%. Variabel kejadian banjir diketahui signifikan terhadap penilaian tingkat pelayanan sumber air minum yang dipersepsikan aman dengan peluang 0,059 kali dalam mempengaruhinya. Rata-rata biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk maintenance mesin pompa adalah Rp 683.750,00 dan untuk maintenance lainnya (pipa, kran air, dll) sekitar Rp 85.833,00 per rumah tangga. Sedangkan biaya yang dihabiskan oleh 1 rumah tangga dalam 1 minggu untuk air isi ulang adalah sekitar Rp 19.751,00, sedangkan untuk air kemasan sekitar Rp 40.986,00. Variabel yang mempengaruhi biaya air minum adalah pengolahan air dengan perebusan yang berpeluang 0,029 kali. Berdasarkan persepsi rumah tangga, masalah sumber air minum yang paling banyak terjadi pada sumber air baku adalah penampilan (29,4%) dan bau (28,3%), serta kadar E.coli (72%) pada air minum. Dengan demikian, dibutuhkan intervensi strategi pengolahan air minum untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ada dan meningkatkan kualitas air minum. Adapun intervensi pengolahan air minum yang direkomendasikan untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut adalah Slow Sand Filter (SSF) dengan media tambahan berupa Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) serta unit disinfeksi sinar UV.

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Metro City is one of the cities with a low level of piped water service (5,05%), so that most of the people use groundwater with a self-supply system. However, the safety of the self-supply source system is currently an issue in society. A continuous monitoring method from April – October 2021 by telephone every month was carried out to help assess the level of drinking water services. The purpose of this study are to analyze the variability of clean water and drinking water sources, to analyze the variability of the level of drinking water services that are perceived as safe, to analyze the variability of operational and maintenances costs of drinking water facility in households, and to analyze the intervention of drinking water treatment in households to improve the quality of drinking water. The analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical analysis and SPSS 24 software for the Binary Logistics Regression test. The results show that 97% of Metro City's water sources are self-supply water sources, which are dominated by private unprotected dug wells (45% for clean water sources and 30% for drinking water sources). Based on household perceptions (safety, taste, appearance, smell, reliability, and availability of drinking water), refill and bottled water had the most consistent level of safety during the 6 months of the survey (100%). Non-self-supply systems are known to be safer than self-supply systems with a percentage of 98% and 95%, respectively. The flood incident variable is known to be significant to the assessment of the service level of drinking water sources that are perceived as safe with a 0,059 times chance of influencing it. The average cost required for pump engine maintenance is Rp 683.750,00 and for other maintenance (pipes, water faucets, etc.) it is around Rp 85.833,00 per household. Meanwhile, the cost spent by 1 household in 1 week for refill water is around Rp 19.751,00, while for bottled water it is around Rp 40.986,00. The variable that affects the cost of drinking water is water treatment by boiling which has a chance of 0.029 times. Based on household perceptions, the most common drinking water source problems that occur in raw water sources are appearance (29,4%) and smell (28,3%) and E.coli (72%) in drinking water. Thus, intervention strategies for drinking water treatment are needed to overcome existing problems and improve drinking water quality. The recommended drinking water treatment intervention to solve this problem is the Slow Sand Filter (SSF) with additional media in the form of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and UV disinfection unit."