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"ABSTRACTBatumerah area is located in the Aru Basin, offshore South Papua. One well hasalready been drilled in this area and gave inconclusive gas discovery. The wellindicates that there may have good potential reservoir zone, but no definiteinformation was gathered from the well to confirm the statement. Acomprehensive evaluation like reservoir characterization study by integrating welldata, seismic data and geological interpretation is required to resolve thisuncertainty and predict the hydrocarbon potential of the Batumerah area. Due tolimited well data, the most applicable reservoir characterization study inBatumerah Area is Seismic Simultaneous Inversion. Simultaneous inversion is arelatively new and extremely powerful form of inversion. The detailed techniqueessentially takes several seismic angle stacks and inverts them simultaneously.The result is two primary volumes of absolute rock properties tightly calibrated tothe well log data: P-Impedance and S-Impedance. Additional outputs include:Vp/Vs, porosity and Lambda Rho volumes. Having these extra datasets take theexplorationist into a new world of possibilities. The application of a simultaneousinversion algorithm to the seismic angle stacks in Batumerah area hasdemonstrated the ability to minimize uncertainty and addressing some issuesregarding the lithology and reservoir properties due to data limitation.Even though most of well log data are derived from model and only one wellexists on the inversion area, nevertheless, the simultaneous inversion results thatare interpretative results provide best estimation and prediction for reservoircharacterization on the Batumerah area."

"ABSTRACTTelah berhasil dilakukan karakterisasi pada reservoir karbonat menggunakan simultaneous inversion pada lapangan x untuk mengetahui litologi dan kandungan fluida pada lapangan X. Reservoir tersebut berupa reef karbonat pada formasi Tuban yang terletak di cekungan Jawa Timur bagian Utara. Reservoir karbonat berbeda dengan reservoir lainnya dikarenakan karbonat memilik tingkat heterogenitas yang tinggi serta dapat mengalami diagenesa. Inversi Simultan digunakan pada penelitian kali ini dikarenakan dapat menghasilkan parameter impedansi akustik, impedansi shear, dan densitas secara simultan. 3 output dalam inversi simultan kemudian akan dilakukan transformsi untuk mendapatkan parameter lame yaitu Lambda Rho yang sensitif terhadap fluida serta Mu Rho yang sensitif terhadap litologi. Diharapkan parameter Lame dapat mempertajam Identifikasi litologi maupun fluida yang berada di reservoir. Vp/Vs ratio juga dapat dimunculkan dengan bantuan dari ketiga output inversi simultan tersebut yang berguna juga untuk menganalisis fluida. Inversi Simultan yang dilakukan pada lapangan xdikontrol oleh dua sumur yaitu M01 dan M02 yang masing-masing diantaranya hanya berbeda 1 inline. Input data seismik yang digunakan pada penelitian kali ini adalah data angle gather. Berdasarkan analisis dari Lambda Mu Rho serta Vp/Vs ratio, zona target sumur M01 dan M02 memiliki potensi sebagai reservoir hidrokarbon. Indikasi hidrokarbon ini ditunjukan dari analisis crossplot Vp/Vs vs Lambda Rho dengan nilai Vp/Vs berkisar 1.7-1.8 dan Lambda Rho berkisar 40-60 Gpa g/cc dengan nilai Mu Rho berkisar 40 ndash; 80 Gpa g/cc. Dari nilai tersebut dapat dibuat slicing untuk mengetahui litologi dan arah penyebaran kandungan hidrokarbon dan arah sebarannya mengarah ke arah Barat Laut untuk litologi dan kandungan fluida hidrokarbon.

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ABSTRACTCarbonate Reservoir have been characterized in X field using Simultaneous Inversion to determine lithology and fluid content. This reservoir located in Nort East Java Basin in the form of big Reef Carbonate on Tuban Formation. Carbonate Reservoir has unique charateristics than the other reservoir because its heterogenities and diagenesis can be occured. Simultaneous Inversion used in this study because it can generate accoustic impedance, shear impedance and density simultaneously. Those 3 outputs then can be transformed to extract Lambda Rho which is sensitive to fluid content and Mu Rho which is sensitive to lithology. Vp Vs also can be generated from those 3 outputs which is usefull to determine fluid content. Hopefully, those parameters can be used to sharpen analysis about lithology and fluid content. Simultaneous inversion which used in X Field controlled by 2 wells, M01 and M02 which respectively only space for 1 inline. Seismic input on this study using angle gather. Based on analysis from Lambda Mu Rho and Vp Vs ratio, this reservoir has potential hidrocarbon inside. Hidrocarbon is indicated from crossplot Vp Vs vs Lambda Rho, Vp Vs is about 1.7 ndash 1.8 and Lambda Rho is about 40 ndash 60 Gpa g cc and Mu rho is about 40 ndash 80 Gpa g cc from Mu Rho vs Densitys Crossplot. Then Slicing can be generated to determine distribution of lithology and fluid content and the spreading delineated to North West for lithology and hidrocarbon fluid itself. "

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk pengidentifikasian zona reservoar batuan karbonat dari Formasi Baturaja pada Cekungan Sumatera Selatan dengan mengunakan metode inversi seismik. Data yang digunakan adalah data sesimik 3D post stack (441 inline & 449 crossline) serta sumur TA-6. Parameter seismik impedansi akustik dapat memetakan persebaran batuan karbonat pada Formasi Baturaja yang berada diantara batuan pasir dari Formasi Gumai dan Talang Akar. Model persebaran impedansi akustik dari hasil inversi Model Based menunjukkan rentang nilai impedansi akustik pada zona prospek sebesar 10000 m/s.gr/cc - 12000 m/s gr/cc. Dari korelasi antara nilai impedansi akustikdan porositas dapat diketahui persebaran nilai estimasi porositas pada zona prospek sebesar 10-15%. Dengan bantuan ekstraksi atribut amplitudo rms pada peta struktur persebaran batuan karbonat dapat diketahui lingkungan pengendapannya. Sehingga integrasi model hasil inversi impedansi akustik dengan nilai estimasi porositas serta didukung dengan hasil ekstraksi atribut amplitudo RMS menunjukkan pada daerah tinggian Formasi Baturaja terdapat daerah-daerah yang memiliki anomali impedansi akustik rendah dan porositas tinggi yang tersebar pada fasies body karbonat hingga back reef serta pada bagian atas zona tinggian tersebut terdapat lapisan seal sebagai penutupreservoar.

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The purpose of this study is to identify reservoir zone of carbonate rock from Baturaja Formation at South Sumatera Basin. The data used from seismic 3D post stack data (441 inline & 449 crossline) and TA-6 log. Acoustic impedance seismic parameter can map the distribution of carbonate rock at Baturaja Formation where is between the sand stone from Gumai Formation and Talang Akar Formation. Distribution model of acoustic impedance from the Model Based Inversion results shows the range value of acoustic impedance at the potential zone is range from 10000 m/s.gr/cc - 12000 m/s gr/cc. From the correlation of values acoustic impedance and porosity, we can infer that distribution of porosity estimation value in potential zone range from 10-15%. With the support of RMS amplitude extraction on map structure of carbonate rocks distribution, the depositional environment can be known. Therefore integration of acoustic impedance inverted results model with porosity estimation results and supported by RMS amplitude attribute extraction results show that at the Baturaja Formation anticlines there are zones that consists of anomaly low acoustic impedance and high porosity which spread out among carbonate body to back reef and at the top part of the anticlines there is a seal as a closure of reservoir."

"Formasi karbonat Abenaki berumur Jurrasic-Akhir pada Lapangan Penobscot, Pantai Timur Provinsi Nova Scotia, Canada, di interpretasikan sebagai platform karbonat laut dangkal yang didominasi oleh oolitic limestone yang menjalar sepanjang tepian paparan samudera. Tugas akhir ini bertujuan untuk membangun model geologi berdasarkan integrasi data geofisika dan petrofisika, yang digunakan untuk deskripsi geometri pada kerangka struktur dan distribusi fasies dan properti petrofisika seperti porositas, saturasi air, dan kandungan lempung. Perhitungan potensi hidrokarbon di dalam reservoar karbonat dilakukan berdasarkan model properti petrofisika yang didistribusikan berdasarkan korelasinya terhadap Atribut Impedansi Akustik, yang dapat diperoleh dari proses inversi seismik. Crossplot antara Impedansi Akustik dengan properti petrofisika menunjukkan hubungan dalam identifikasi litologi yang kemudian menjadi dasar pada distribusi fasies dan properti reservoar. Hasil perhitungan volumetrik yang dikontrol oleh properti akustik menjadi acuan yang penting dalam pengembangan dan rencana produksi Lapangan Penobscot.

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The Upper Jurassic carbonate Abenaki formation in Penobscot Field, East Coast of Nova Scotia Province, Canada, is interpreted as a submarine carbonate platform dominated by oolitic limestone lies along the ancient shelf edge. This undergraduate thesis is to build the geological model based on integration of geophysical and petrophysical data, which used to describe geometry of structural framework and distribution of facies and petrophysical properties such as porosity, water saturation, and clay content. Calculation of hydrocarbon potential within the carbonate reservoir is performed based on the property model, which distributed with its correlation with Acoustic Impedance Attribute that can be obtained from seismic inversion process. The crossplot between Acoustic Impedance with the petrophysical properties showing relationship in lithology identification which then became the basis of the facies and reservoir properties distribution. The results of volumetric calculation that controlled by acoustic property will be a noteworthy reference on the development and production plan of Penobscot Field."

"Karakterisasi reservoir merupakan salah satu tahap penting dalam eksplorasi hidrokarbon agar dapat menentukan reservoir yang baik berdasarkan karakteristik litologi dan kandungan fluida di reservoir. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Lapangan “R”, Cekungan Jawa Timur Utara dengan menggunakan metode inversi simultan. Berdasarkan hasil inversi simultan diketahui bahwa zona reservoir di area penelitian tersusun atas litologi karbonat dengan nilai impedansi-P 26.000 ft/s*g/cc – 35.000 ft/s*g/cc, impedansi-S 8.000 ft/s*g/cc – 22.000 ft/s*g/cc, dan densitas 2. g/cc – 2.39 g/cc. Hasil tersebut ditransformasikan menjadi parameter elastis batuan, yaitu Parameter Lame yang terdiri atas Lambda-Rho dan Mu-Rho. Transformasi Lambda-Mu-Rho berhasil mengidentifikasi reservoir karbonat yang berpotensi mengandung hidrokarbon dengan nilai rigiditas tinggi sebesar 6 GPa*g/cc – 21 GPa*g/cc dan inkompresibilitas rendah sebesar 6 GPa*g/cc – 11 GPa*g/cc yang diinterpretasikan sebagai gas. Integrasi analisis dari parameter impedansi-P, impedansi-S, densitas, Lambda-Rho, dan Mu-Rho menunjukkan bahwa persebaran batuan karbonat yang tersaturasi gas memiliki orientasi timur laut – barat daya.

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Reservoir characterization is one of the most crucial stages in hydrocarbon exploration to determine good reservoirs based on their lithology and fluid content. This research was conducted at the “R” Field, North East Java Basin using the simultaneous seismic inversion method. The results show that the reservoir zone in the research area consists of carbonate rocks with P-impedance values of 26.000 ft/s*g/cc – 35.000 ft/s*g/cc, S-impedance of 8.000 ft/s*g/cc – 22.000 ft/s*g/cc, and density of 2.25 g/cc – 2.55 g/cc. These results were transformed into rock elastic parameters, namely Lame Parameters consisting of Lambda-Rho and Mu-Rho. Lambda Mu Rho Transformation has successfully identified carbonate reservoirs that potentially contain hydrocarbons with high rigidity values of 6 GPa*g/cc – 21 GPa*g/cc and low incompressibility of 6 GPa*g/cc – 11 GPa*g/cc interpreted as gas. Integration analysis of P-impedance, S-impedance, density, Lambda-Rho, and Mu-Rho parameters shows that the distribution of gas-saturated carbonate rocks has a northeast – southwest orientation."

"Data Rock Physics adalah alat untuk identifikasi fluida, perhitungan dalam reservoar, dan bagian penting dalam studi substitusi fluida untuk memodelkan berbagai macam fluida. Thesis ini merupakan hasil dari penelitian dua sumur untuk melihat pengaruh dari batuan dan properti fluida terhadap respon seismik. Kedua sumur tersebut adalah (YM-232 dan YM-247) merupakan oil well yang menunjukkan pengaruh dari substitusi hidrokarbon dengan air. Akibat dari substitusi fluida terhadap batuan dan properti fluida menunjukkan respon tertentu pada refleksi amplitude, variasi amplitude tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai guide untuk memperkirakan penyebaran jenis fluida pada lapangan YM. Pertama dengan melakukan sintetik pada keadaan insitu. Diikuti dengan sintetik pada kondisi tersaturasi (FRM), dengan manganggap bahwa fluida adalah air/minyak dan mineral adalah batu pasir bersih. Amplitude ini akan diekstrak untuk dikorelasikan dengan data seismic yang sebenarnya. Koefisian korelasi yang memiliki nilai tinggi (~1) dijadikan sebagai model untuk memprediksi tipe fluida pada area prospek yang didasarkan pada informasi amplitude dari data seismik. Dengan kata lain, kita dapat memahami efek dari saturasi hidrokarbon terhadap synthetic offset gathers. Analisis ini digunakan sebagai salahsatu parameter untuk mengembangkan interpretasi data seismic 3D & untuk menekan/mengurangi resiko pengeboran.

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Rock physics data is a tool for fluid identification and quantification in reservoir, and also plays an important part in any fluid substitution study that may provide a valuable tool for modeling various fluid scenarios. This thesis presents the results of the two well cases where the effect of rock and fluid properties on seismic response are illustrated. Both of wells (YM-232 and YM-247) show the effect of replacing hydrocarbons with brine. This effectt illustrates how rock and fluid properties along with reflection amplitudes can be used to estimate fluid type in YM field. First synthetic using the original case. And the other synthetic by using FRM case, with an assumption that the fluid was brine/oil and the mineralogy was clean sand. These amplitude was extracted to be correlated with the real seismic data. Finally, a good correlation was obtain from a model to estimate the fluid type in prospect based on amplitude information in seismic data. In other word, we can understand the effect of hydrocarbon saturation on synthetic offset gathers. This analysis can be use as one of parameter to improve seismic 3D interpretation and to reduce drilling risk."

"ABSTRACTTo define reservoir potential or to have a better understanding of reservoircharacterization become the most important part to get many subsurface information.It will be very useful to analyze and prospect new candidates. Reservoircharacterization combined with the formation evaluation data between vertical andhorizontal dimensions will produce a geologic model, which is used as an input forreservoir simulation.The objectives of this research is to develop a reservoir model within the producinginterval of interest defined as horizons ?E? where it plays as a main oil target. It is apart of the Salemba Field, Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan.A geostatistical method used for the study was stochastic since the data setavailability is good. But to have better self confidence, a glance of deterministicmethod was applied to see how the differences. There are three kind of stochasticmethod will try for facies modeling, there are: Object-base Modeling, FaciesTransition and Sequential Indicator Simulation. Each method was varied usingexponential types of variogram, which is considered as the best match use in MutiaraField.By using the existing software, it resulted more than 10 good scenarios andrealizations of geological model generated for this study. Also the criterion of themain ranking will use the OOIP and OGIP. The result also was calibrated withcurrent condition, cumulative production and recovery factor to see the remainingreserves."

"ABSTRACTThe study establishes the thickness and distribution of the ?X? sandstonereservoir in the ASA Field that is located at the southern margin of West NatunaBasin, southwestern South China Sea. The field is located on top of the ?D?horst, which is bordered by the east-northeast (ENE) -west-southwest (WSW)trending basement ridge on the south. By application of discrete Fouriertransform (DFT) on high-resolution 3D seismic data over a short windowcovering the geologic zone of interest, the amplitude spectra of an ?X?sandstone prone channel can help delineate temporal bed thickness variabilityand sandstone distribution.Spectral decomposition is just valid for analysis covered one waveletseismic that will decrease the noise, so that all of frequency range until Nyquistfrequency can be used for analysis. Noise appearance can be used todetermine geological boundaries such as channels and sand bars, but it cannotbe used for the thickness estimation. The maximum value of the first peakfrequency will determine the thinnest layer observable within analysis window.The average tuning thickness ranges is from 30 to 40 feet. The thinnestdetectable layer is about 12 feet that are found at the finite area, this is equalwith 1/12λ, where λ is seismic wavelet wavelength. The tuning thickness of thesandstone reservoir detected by spectral decomposition analysis is thinner thanconventional tuning calculation which is about 35 feet on ¼λ.The paleo-stream flow is interpreted to be from northwest to southeastacross the study area based on spectral decomposition analysis. Faulting wasnot active during ?X? sandstone deposition as evidenced by lack of downthrownthickening and continuity of interpreted sand bars across faulted area.Based on this study, more advance study is recommended to be done tounderstand the optimum window length for spectral decomposition analysisespecially using more than one seismic wavelet to determine sand distributionand its thickness. More advanced method of spectral decomposition analysis isnecessary to detect, within one seismic wavelet, variation in bulk rock propertiesfrom which inferences regarding depositional environment and lithology can bemade."

"ABSTRAKSeismic sequence stratigraphy analysis was performed to identify achronostratigraphic evolution of submarine fan reservoir in Pari field,Makassar Strait, offshore East Kalimantan. A complete sequencestratigraphy in Pari field was divided into three systems tract: lowstandsystems tract (LST), transgressive systems tract (TST) and highstandsystems tract (HST). The ?X? reservoir unit was deposited during thelowstand systems tract (LST). Based on core data and well log, thereservoir is dominated by few massive thick sandstone, thin interbeddedsandstone and shale. Well data and 3D seismic multiattribute analysisindicated a submarine fan depositional system feature. However, theavailable 3D seismic data could not image the submarine fan elementsfeature like channels and splay lobes due to low seismic resolution. Ashallow Pleistocene submarine fan located in the northern part of thestudy area is clearly imaged using 3D seismic data. That Pleistocenesubmarine fan provides analog dimensions for sub-seismic reservoirelements in the ?X? reservoir unit, Pari field. The dimensions of channelsand splay lobes within Pleistocene submarine fan were used to definestochastically reservoir elements in Pari field. The Pleistocene submarinefan are approximately the same size as the seismically mapped the ?X?reservoir unit. Three facies model were generated to provide multiplerealizations of facies model. Those are 70% channel and 30% splay lobe(more channels dominated), 50% channel and 50% splay lobe(proportional between channel and splay lobe), and 30% channel and 70%splay lobe (more splay lobe dominated)."