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"The higher plants are hospes for one or more endophytic microbes.Microbes can make one or more biological compounds that predicted as aconsequence from coevolution or transferred genetic to microbes in themutualism simbiosis to parasitism. Microbes can also produce secondarymetabolites similar with their hospes.Endophytic microbes have been known to be potential as the sourcesof active compound for medicines by growing in Phoma media. In the future,prospectively the active compound for medicines not have to extract from thetree or chemical synthesis. Khamir isolated (Fn) from Cinchona pubsscens,Vahl had been identified as Sporidiobolus salmonlcolor will produce theactive compounds similar to their hospes.This study was aimed to isolate and elusidate the chemical stucture ofcinchona alkaloid from the fermentation product of endophytic microbes InPhoma media. The study has been carried out at Natural ProductLaboratory, Research Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute ofSciences, Ciblnong, Bogor from March - December 2002.The Isolated the khamir (Fn or Sporidiobolus salmonicolor ) wasIncubated In Phoma media for 14 days. The fermentation culture wasseparated between biomass and supematan and extracted with CHCI3 anddried. Purification carried out by column chromatography (Si02, CHCI3 -CH3OH), and the obtained chinchona alkaloid was identified by HPLC.Determination of chemical structure was based on Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS)spectra, Fourier transform Infra red spectrometry (FTIR), Gaschromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) and data Nuclear magneticresonance spectra (^H and ^^C-NMR, DEPT, 'H-^H COSY ; COSY)The Fermentation results that production of cinchona alkaloids optimalat eighth days and yielded cinchona alkaloids 32,81 mg/L."

"Screening of the endophyte microbes in cinchona of C. ledgeriana and C pubescens that could produce alkaloids has been carried out....."

"Forty-five isolates of endophytic fungi from six Indonesian medicinal plant stems such as sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata [Burm.f.] Ness), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus [Blume] Miq), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L), sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav), sirih hitam (Piper betle L), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King) have been isolated and screened. Fermentation was conducted over 14 days by using the media Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB).The product of fermentation process was extracted with ethyl acetate. The antidiabetic assay was performed using α-glucosidase test. The isolates A.Ap.3F, A.Ap.4F, B.Ap.4F, B.Os.1F, A.Pc.1F, B.Pc.1F and B.Pc.2F showed antidiabetic activity. The antioxidant performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The isolates A.Ap.3F, B.Ap.1F, B.Pc.1F have the antioxidant activity compare vitamin C as a control. Isolates A.Ap.3F by IC50 31,45 ppm, isolates B.Ap.1F by IC50 86,29 ppm and isolates B.Pc.1F by IC50 95,46 ppm. Identification of endophytic fungi A.Ap.3F done microscopically. Molecular identification A.Ap.3F endophytic fungi is Colleotrichum truncatum strain PDC032. Fermentation of A.Ap.3F isolates is carried out using 2 methods; static fermentation and dynamic fermentation. The results shown that with static fermentation method produced 0.19 g (9.5%) of mass of filtrate and biomass weight 0.56 g(28%); and with dynamic fermentation produced mass of filtrate 0.68 g (34.17%) and bomass weight 0.77 g ( 38.50%). Separation results bioproduction A.Ap.3F endophytic fungi by column chromatography obtained five fractions. GCMS analysis of the fraction I consist of three fatty acids are hexadecanoid acid, 9-octadecenoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Analysis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQ, HMBC and GCMS that isolates II-3 from fraction II obtained from fraction II-3 II are compounds octadecanoic acid [C18H34O2]. GCMS analysis suggested that isolates III-2 fraction III is a compound with m / z = 256.1 and m / z = 282.. GCMS analysis suggested that isolates IV-3- fraction IV are compound with m / z = 256.1 and m / z = 282 and isolates V-6-fraction V is a compound with m / z = 221, m/z =256, m/z=282 and m / z = 346. Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase were highest for isolates III-2-fraction II by 85.45% and isolates IV-3-fractions IV by 87.72%.

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Isolasi dan skrining kapang endofit dari batang 6 tanaman obat Indonesia seperti, sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata [Burm.f.] Ness), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus [Blume] Miq), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L), sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav), sirih hitam (Piper betle L), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King),), dan diperoleh 45 isolat kapang. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 14 hari dengan menggunakan media Potato Dextrose Broth dan hasil fermentasi kemudian diekstraksi dengan etil asetat. Skrining dilakukan dengan mengunakan uji α-glucosidase. Hasil skrining menunjukan bahwa isolat kapang A.Ap.3F, A.Ap.4F, B.Ap.4F, B.Os.1F, A.Pc.1F, B.Pc.1F dan B.Pc.2F, memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes. Aktivitas antioksidan isolat kapang A.Ap.3F dengan nilai IC50 31,45 ppm, B.Ap.1F dengan IC50 86,29 ppm dan B.Pc.1F dengan IC50 95,46 ppm. Identifikasi secara molekuler kapang A.Ap.3F adalah Colleotrichum truncatum strain PDC032. Pada fermentasi statis kapang A.Ap.3F didapatkan berat filtrat 0,19 g (9,5%) dan berat biomassa 0,56 g (28%), sedangkan hasil fermentasi dinamis didapatkan berat filtrat 2,05 g (34,17%) dan berat biomassa 2,31g (38,50%). Kromatografi kolom (50:1 ~ 1:1) hasil bioproduksi kapang endofit AAp.3F memberikan 5 fraksi. Hasil analisis GC-MS diperoleh bahwa Fraksi I terdiri dari tiga senyawa asam lemak yaitu, asam heksadekanoat, 9,12-oktadekadienoat dan oktadekanoat . Hasil analisa 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC dan HMBC dan GCMS diketahui bahwa isolat II-3 fraksi II adalah senyawa asam oktadekanoat [C18H34O2]. Hasil analisa GCMS diduga bahwa isolat III-2 fraksi III adalah senyawa dengan m/z = 256,1 dan m/z = 282. Hasil analisa GCMS diduga bahwa isolat IV-3 Fraksi IV adalah senyawa dengan m/z = 248 dan m/z = 280,1. Hasil analisis GC-MS diperoleh bahwa senyawa isolat V-6 fraksi V adalah isolat yang terdiri terdiri dari empat komponen senyawa utama yaitu senyawa dengan m/z = 221, m/z = 256, m/z = 282 dan m/z = 346. Aktivitas inhibisi terhadap α-Glucosidase yang paling tinggi adalah isolat III-2 Fraksi II sebesar 85,45% dan isolat IV-3 Fraksi IV sebesar 87,72%."

"Sampai saat ini seperempat dari obat-obat modern yang beredar di dunia berasal dari bahan aktif yang diisolasi dan dikembangkan dari tanaman. Permasalahannya adalah menjaga tingkat produksi obat herbal dengan bahan baku yang terbatas. Mikroba endofit dapat menghasilkan senyawa yang hampir sama dengan inangnya. Annonase asetogenin dari Annona sp. dikenal sebagai obat anti kanker yang selektif dan aman, yang terus dikembangkan. Srikaya (Annona Squamosa L.) sangatlah potensial karena aktivitas bioinsektisidanya lebih tinggi dibandingkan keluarga Annnona yang lain. Perbedaan kondisi lingkungan akan sangat berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas mikroba endofit, oleh sebab itu sangatlah potensial untuk mengisolasi senyawa aktif sebagai anti kanker dan anti mikroba yang berasal dari endofit srikaya yang tumbuh di Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini telah diperoleh 7 (tujuh) jamur endofit dari batang tanaman srikaya (A. Squamosa L.) dan teridentifikasi baik secara mikroskopis maupun genetik 28S-rDNA. Penapisan terhadap jamur endofit aktif dilakukan dengan uji aktivitas secara in vitro menggunakan metode MTT terhadap sel kanker MCF-7 dan metode daya hambat terhadap mikroba uji dari ekstrak hasil fermentasi cair pada media Wickerham. Isolat jamur yang berpotensi sebagai anti kanker dan anti mikroba ada 5 yaitu : Fusarium sp NRRL 22354 NRRL223, Nectria rigidiuscula, Fusarium sp BOL35, Penicillium sp. dan Aspergilus sp. Hasil isolasi metabolit sekunder diperoleh 3 senyawa yang sudah diketahui dan dipublikasikan yaitu: meleagrin, chrysogin, fusarielin B dan 1 senyawa baru yaitu aspergilusitamida yang aktif sebagai indikasi khasiat anti kanker untuk sel MCF-7 dengan IC50 = 0,4498 µg/mL dan anti mikroba dengan konsentrasi daya hambat terhadap Bacillus subtilis pada 125 µg/mL Waktu inkubasi terbaik untuk produksi senyawa aspergilusitamida dari jamur endofit Aspergilus sp. pada fasa stationer, yaitu sekitar 21-25 hari yang dihasilkan secara ekstraselular. Tidak ada hubungan antara senyawa aspergilusitamida yang diproduksi secara fermentasi dari jamur endofit Aspergilus sp dengan tanaman inangnya, tetapi penggunaan substrat dari bagian inangnya berpengaruh terhadap produksinya, meskipun masih memerlukan glukosa untuk pertumbuhan dan produksinya. Kondisi fermentasi yang ekstrim dengan berkurangnya sumber nitrogen, mengakibatkan produksi senyawa aspergilusitamida semakin bertambah.

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Up to now, a quarter of modern medicines marketed worldwide are developed from isolated plant?s active ingredients. The corresponding problem to this is how to maintain production level, taking account the availability of limited raw material. Endophytic microbes could produce compounds that similar to their host. Annonaceous acetogenin isolated from Annona sp. is known as a selective and safe anti-cancer drug, which is continued to be developed. Srikaya (Annona squamosa L.) is very potential as its bio-insecticide activity is higher compared to other Annona. The differences of environmental conditions significantly affect the activity of endophytic microbes, therefore it is considerable to isolate the active compounds of such endophyte from srikaya planted in Indonesia as anti-cancer and antimicrobial drugs. In this study, (7) seven endophytic fungus from srikaya (A. squamosa L.) stems were acquired and both microscopic and genetic 28SrDNA identified. Screening for endophytic fungi was performed by in vitro activity assay using MTT method against cancer cells MCF-7 and microbial inhibition test method performed on the extract of fermented liquid on Wickerham medium. Five fungus isolates show anti-cancer and anti-microbes potential: Fusarium sp NRRL 22354 NRRL223, Nectria rigidiuscula, Fusarium sp BOL35, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. Secondary metabolism isolation obtained 3 (three) already known compounds: meleagrin, chrysogin, fusarielin B, and 1 (one) new compound: aspergilusitamide. Aspergilusitamide actively indicated as anticancer benefit for MCF-7 cells by IC50 = 0.4498 mg / mL and anti-microbial benefit by inhibition concentration against Bacillus subtilis at 125 ug / mL. The optimum incubation time for producing aspergilusitamida compound generated from Aspergillus sp. endophyte is in the stationer phase which takes place about 21-25 days, extracellulary. There was no relationship between aspergilusitamida produced from fermentation of Aspergillus sp. with its host plant, however, the use of substrate from the host plant affects on production though it was still required glucose for growth and production. The extreme conditions of fermentation by reducing nitrogen source increase the production of aspergilusitamida."