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"The condition of ecosystem mangrove of tambak wedi has poluted. Molluscs as one of bioindicator of polution. Observation on molluscs on Tmbak Wedi mangrove ecosystem, Madura Strait was conducted on June 2005...."

"Soil fungi occurred in the rhizosphere in many cultivated crops and wild grasses in the sandy soil were effective in enhancing the growth promoting of plant. A field experiment to study the effect of soil fungi from sandy soil as plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). The experiment was conducted in Clinical Laboratory of Plant Pathology and glass house Faculty of Agriculture Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta. The sandy soil was located in Samas and Bugel Yogyakarta. The treatment was conducted in Complete Randomize Design (CRD) with 5 replications. Among 33 rhizosphere fungi tested, 26 fungal isolates were hypovirulent isolate and showed the ability as PGPF i.e. Trichoderma spp. (SB32 , CB32, SB33, CB33 and CB21). They enchanced significantly the height and dry biomass of plants compare with control."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian beberapa gatra ekologi moluska bakau ini dilakukan berdasarkan pada kurangnya informasi mengenai pola umum penghunian moluska di hutan bakau. Penelitian yang ada umumnya hanya menguraikan peri kehidupan dan lingkungan hidup di satu hutan bakau, tanpa mencoba mensintesisnya guna memperoleh hasil yang berlaku umum.Penelitian dilakukan di berbagai lokasi hutan bakau di Maluku, Irian Jaya, Kalimantan dan Jawa, dari tahun 1979 sampai dengan 1987. Data lapangan diperoleh dari petak berukuran 50 x 50 cm yang diletakkan pada selang 5 meter di sepanjang 57 garis transek di 16 lokasi. Analisis statistik digunakan pada beberapa bagian yang memerlukannya.Sebanyak 146 jenis moluska berhasil dikumpulkan pada penelitian ini. Hasil pengamatan komposisi, keanekaragaman, dan persebaran moluska tidak memperlihatkan adanya pola permintakan yang berlaku umum. Disimpulkan bahwa kehadiran habitat khusus (a.l. berupa batang busuk atau lumpur salir yang menempati daerah rumpang) bersama-sama dengan pasang surut, sangat mempengaruhi kehadiran jenis. Pengaruhnya lebih besar dibandingkan ketebalan hutan maupun interaksi biologi. Hal lain yang diperoleh adalah dicirinya tiga kelompok moluska yang dibedakan berdasarkan keeratan ikatannya dengan hutan bakau. Ketiga kelompok tersebut adalah(1) kelompok asli, yaitu jenis-jenis yang hanya ditemukan hidup dan sangat tergantung pada hutan bakau,(2) kelompok fakultatif, yaitu jenis-jenis yang dapat hidup sama baiknya, apakah di dalam hutan bakau atau di ekosistem pantai lain yang ada di sekitar hutan, dan(3) kelompok pengunjung, yaitu jenis-jenis yang berasal dari ekosistem pantai lain yang hanya secara kebetulan berada di dalam hutan bakau.Hasil di atas memperlihatkan bahwa komposisi, kehadiran, dan persebaran moluska di dalam hutan bakau lebih ditentukan oleh kondisi fisik dibandingkan kondisi lainnya. Sif at ketergantungan kelompok moluska asli hutan bakau yang tinggi terhadap ekosistem bakau menjadikannya sebagai moluska yang khas hutan bakau. Secara alami, mereka tidak dapat hidup di luar ekosistem bakau. Hasil analisis dan analisis pustaka cenderurig menyatakan bahwa kelompok asli merupakan bagian yang integral yang muncul bersamaan mulai dari saat terbentuknya hutan. Proses spesiasi jenis moluska bakau sepenuhnya berlangsung di dalam hutan."

"Research of freshwater Mollusca in Wonogiri was conducted in November 2010 in six rivers which estuary in Gajah Mungkur Dam. The Mollusca specimens was collected from Keduang river, Tirtomoyo river, Temon river, Solo Hulu river, Ngunggahan river and Wuryantoro river. A kuadrat transect method was used from area which have 1 kilometer in distance from estuary. The kuadrat transect was systematically located every 1 kilometer in 3 sampling sites. The specimens categorized in 13 spesies and there are one spesies have dominated in each river. The distribution of Mollusca in Solo Hulu and Ngunggahan river were random, whereas in Keduang, Tirtomoyo, Temon and Wuryantoro river were clumped. Mollusca commonly found in river which have mud substrate. The highest diversity index found in Ngunggahan river and the lowest was found in Wuryantoro river."

"Amphidromus, a genus of arboreal pulmonate land snails belong to the family Camaenidae, is found in Indonesia. The total species of Amphidromus in Indonesia are almost half of the total number of species in the world. Most of these species were described before 1900. The collections of Amphidromus at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, were collected after 1900.Shell of subgenus Amphidromus rather stout, either dextral or sinistral, usually solid, and with periodical colour-stripes or varix, and shell of subgenus Syndromus always sinistral, usually thin, never marked with varix, the varietals callus usually thin and transparent.The aim of the study is to know the diversity and distribution of Amphidromus in Indonesia based on the specimen of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, and also to study the difference of morphometric and genitals between subgenus Amphidromus and Syndromus. This study was carried out in the period of May - October 1996 at the Laboratory of Malacology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor.Each species was measured and described the shell measurement, shell colour, locality and the date of specimen collection. Morphometric data consist of high, diameter, and high of aperture of adult shells. Cluster analysis of morphometric data is primarily dissimilarity index Bray - Curtis's method. The difference of penial complex of genitals is counted based upon the length of epiphalic flagellum and length of epiphallus.The result of this study showed that the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense has 67,57 % (25 species) of total species from Indonesian Amphidromus. One of those species has never been collected, Amphidromus (Syndromus) annae, which might be endemic species located in Selayar island. The specimen from Mount Buntung, East Kalimantan, will be described as a new species in separate publication.The new record for their distribution of Amphidromus javanicus was recognized from Jambi, A. sumatranus from Siberut island, and A. contrarius from Alor island. The subgenus Syndromus in Indonesia is distributed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa, Bali, NTB, NTT, Timor island, Wetar island, Roma island, and Tanimbar islands. While subgenus Amphidromus dispersed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa, and Bali. Based on the data collections, Amphidromus palaceus was found through out the years.The epiphallic flagellum of subgenus Amphidromus, is longer than epiphallus, while subgenus Syndromus, is shorter. Cluster analysis showed that only 92 % of subgenus Amphidromus and Syndromus has morphometric differences."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap khamir Trichosporon sporotrichoides UICC Y-286 yang menunjukkan aktivitas CMCase tertinggi paJa pengujian menggunakan metode Teaiher dan Wood. Kurva produksi CMCase menghasilkan enzim optimum pada jam ke 12 setelah inokulasi. Penggunaan carboxymethyl cellulose sebagai sumber karbon, enzim CMCase dihasilkan optium pada konsentrasi 0, 2 dan 0,4%. Sumber nitrogen berupa ammonium sulfal enzim dihasilkan optimum pada 0,3% dan sumber fosfat berupa kalium dihidrogen fosfal 0,1% memberikan hasil enzim optimum. Optimum pH dan suhu aktivitas CMCase adalah 3,5 dan 45°C dan pH 7pada37°C.

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Yeast Trichosporon sporotrichoides UICC Y-286 has the highest CMCase activity after being screened using Teather & Wood method. The optimum yield of CMCase was reached at 12 hours after cultivation. The production of CMCase was optimum at 0-2 % and 0.4 % (w/v) concentration using carboxymeihyl cellulose as carbon source. The optimum production of CMCase at 0.3 % (w/v) concentration using ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source, and at 0.1 % (w/v) concentration using kalium dihydrogen phosphate as a phosphorus source. The optimum pH and temperature for CMCase activity were 3.5 at 45"; and pH 7.0 at 37° C."

"The diversity of mangrove at West Bali National Park has not been reported completely. The exploration was conducted from 12 - 16 June, 2011 from Banyuwedang to Gilimanuk and from Gilimanuk to Sumbersari-Melaya mangrove forests. The result showed that 18 families consist of 21 genera and 28 mangrove species were recorded at West Bali National Park, these are 11,5% of the Indonesian mangroves."