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"This article concerns establishing a plausible connection between the word jang(an) in colloquial Malay varieties and jang-, a form which negates infinitives, in the diasporic contact variety Sri Lankan Malay. The principal claim is that jang(an) marks irrealis modality in Southeast Asian Malay varieties, in which it is frequently (optionally) deployed in negative subjunctive-like embedded clauses. A related claim, dependent on the first of the two, is that the irrealis interpretation conveyed by jang(an) makes it a semantically plausible bridge from a Malay grammar with clausal symmetry to the grammar of Sri Lankan Malay. In Sri Lankan Malay, embedded clauses are frequently non-finite, with infinitives similarly conveying irrealis meaning. Sri Lankan Malay jang- is in complementary distribution with the affirmative infinitival prefix me-, which is also derived from a marker of irrealis modality (mau) in colloquial Southeast Asian Malay varieties."

"Latar belakang: Sudut tertutup primer akut (STPA) merupakan salah satu penyebab kebutaan akut dan bersifat permanen di Departemen Mata RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Tata laksana penyakit tersebut masih dalam perdebatan. Tindakan laser iridektomi perifer sulit dilakukan segera karena tekanan intra okular (TIO) yang tinggi menimbulkan edema kornea, sehingga gambaran iris tidak dapat terlihat jelas. Parasentesis dapat menurunkan TIO secara cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai TIO hasil tindakan parasentesis sebagai tindakan pertama dalam menurunkan TIO pada primer sudut tertutup akut di ras Indonesia Melayu.Metode: Penelitian intervensi ini dilakukan di Klinik Mata RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Jakarta Eye Center dari Januari 2005 sampai Desember 2007. Subjek penelitian adalah penyandang STPA, sesuai konsensus Asia Pasifik pada ras Indonesia Melayu. Seluruh subjek dilakukan parasentesis. TIO awal dan sesudah parasentesis serta luas sinekia anterior perifer (SAP) dicatat. Keluaran parasentesis dikatakan baik bila TIO ≤ 21 mmHg dan buruk bila TIO > 21 mmHg.Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat 45 subjek yang mempunyai STPA. Di antara seluruh subjek, tiga puluh delapan orang adalah perempuan dengan rerata umur 54,6 ± 1,56 tahun. Rerata lama serangan 13,15 ± 7,4 hari dengan rerata luas SAP 7,7 ± 3,1 jam. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara lama serangan dengan luas SAP (r = 0,672; p < 0,001). Rerata TIO awal adalah 55 ± 13,37 mmHg dan TIO setelah parasentesis adalah 27 ± 12,78 mmHg. Terjadi penurunan TIO yang bermakna sebesar 49% ( p < 0.001) dengan keluaran baik pada 19 mata, dan keluaran buruk pada 26 mata.Kesimpulan: Parasentesis sebagai tata laksana awal pada mata dengan STPA menurunkan TIO segera, tetapi hanya bersifat sementara.

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AbstractBackground: Acute primary angle closure (APAC) is one of the causes of blindness in Department of Ophthalmology Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. Management of APAC is still controversial. Laser peripheral iridotomy is difficult to be done due to corneal edema as a result of persistent high intraocular pressure (IOP). It is believe that paracentesis will lower IOP immediately. The objective of the study was to assess outcome of paracentesis as the initial management in Malay Indonesian eyes with APAC.Methods: This intervention study was conducted at the Eye Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Jakarta Eye Center commencing in January 2005 until December 2007. Malay Indonesian eyes with APAC were included in this study in accordance with the new Asia Pacific consensus. All APAC eyes underwent paracentesis to lower IOP. The presenting and post-paracentesis IOP and peripheral anterior synechiae were noted. The outcome was termed as good when IOP was ≤ 21 mmHg and poor when IOP was > 21 mmHg.Results: A total of 45 APAC eyes were recruited. Thirty-eight of these belonged to women; mean age was 54.6 ± 1.56 years. Meanwhile, average duration of symptoms was 13.15 ± 7.4 days and mean of extent of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) was 7.7 ± 3.1 hours. There was a strong correlation regarding duration of symptoms to the formation of PAS (r = 0.672; p < 0.001). The mean presenting IOP was 55 ± 13.37 mmHg and mean post-paracentesis IOP was 27 ± 12.78 mmHg. A decrease of 49% in IOP ( p < 0.001) was observed after paracentesis with good outcome in 19 eyes and poor outcome in 26 eyes.Conclusion: Paracentesis as an initial intervention in APAC eyes reduces the IOP immediately, but only as a temporary response."