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"This study provides a new interpretation of how political authority was conceived and transmitted in the early Mongol empire (1227-59) and its successor state in Iran, the Ilkhanate (1258-1335). Authority within the Mongol empire was intimately tied to the character of its founder, Chinggis Khan, whose reign served as an idealized model for the exercise of legitimate authority amongst his political successors. After Chinggis Khans death in 1227 two distinct political traditions emerged in the Mongol Empire, the collegial and the patrimonial, each representing the political and economic interests of different social groups within the Mongol polity. These two groups formed competing ideas on how legitimate authority should be exercised in the Mongol Empire based upon Chinggis Khans legacy. The present study documents the emergence of these two streams of political authority and assesses their impact upon the constitution and character of the Early Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate. In doing so, this book provides a more comprehensive account of how power was conceived and exercised in the Mongol Empire, particularly amongst the noyat (military aristocracy), whose contribution to the Mongol polity has traditionally received little attention."

"Perjanjian yang disepakati oleh Rusia dan Iran pada tahun 1995 yang berisi bahwa rusia menyanggupi untuk membantu Iran untuk membangun reaktor nuklir. Bantuan tersebut termasuk bantuan bahan baku, alat pendukung, dan juga akan melatih serta memberi pengetahuan kepada masyarakat Iran tentang nuklir. Hal ini tidak berjalan dengan lancer seiring dengan banyaknya kecaman dari luar tentang kebijakan yang dikeluarkan Rusia tersebut. AS, PBB, IAEA masih belum percaya sepenuhnya bahwa nuklir yang dikembangkan Iran bukan nuklir dalam skala senjata, barat pun berusaha untuk menghentikan bantuan yang diberikan Rusia dengan dalih mencegah timbulnya proliferasi nuklir. Namun hal tersebut tidak menghentikan Rusia. Disisi lain Rusia mengambil keuntungan dari posisinya tesebut yaitu posisi dimana Rusia menjadi "middle-man" antara iran dan negara-negara Barat. Hal ini berakibat reaktor pertama yang semestinya selesai pada tahun 2005 malah mundur 6 tahun dan baru diresmikan pada tahun 2011. Terlihat bahwa walaupun banyaknya tekanan dari luar dan tidak dipungkiri bahwa Rusia sempat terombang-ambing dalam mengambil sikap pada akhirnya Rusia menyelesaikan janjinya kepada Iran.

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The treaty agreed by Russia and Iran in 1995 contains that Russia agreed to help Iran to build its first nuclear reactor such assistance including help materials, supporting tools, and will also be trained as well as giving knowledge to the community about a nuclear plan. This is not running smoothly as much pressure from outside of Russia issued policy. The US, the UN, IAEA has still not fully believe that nuclear Iran not developed nuclear weapons in scale West was trying to stop the assistance given Russia under the pretext of preventing the set of nuclear proliferation. However it does not stop Russia. On the other hand Russia took advantage of his position or the position where Russia become the middle-man between Iran and Western countries. This resulted in the first reactor should be completed in 2005 and even retired 6 years and recently inaugurated in 2011. Although the number of visible that pressure from the outside and not denied that Russia had swayed in the take a stand in the end Russia completed the agreement to Iran."