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"Latar belakang: Infeksi susunan saraf pusat (SSP) dapat berakibat fatal bagi anak. Salah satu komplikasi infeksi SSP adalah gangguan keseimbangan natrium yang dapat menyebabkan keterlambatan diagnosis, memperberat gejala infeksi SSP, dan berkaitan dengan luaran buruk. Meskipun demikian, masih sedikit penelitian yang berupaya memprediksi gangguan keseimbangan natrium pada anak dengan infeksi SSP.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan memprediksi gangguan keseimbangan natrium pada anak dengan infeksi SSP.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi prognostik dengan rancangan penelitian kohort retrospektif di RSCM menggunakan data rekam medis dari Januari 2020-Desember 2023. Subyek yang diteliti ialah anak berusia >1 bulan sampai 18 tahun yang mengalami infeksi SSP. Prediktor yang diteliti adalah penurunan kesadaran saat masuk rumah sakit, dugaan patogen penyebab, sepsis, kelainan struktural kranioserebral sebelumnya, dan kejang sebelum masuk RS.Hasil: Terdapat 76 subyek yang mengalami infeksi SSP. Median usia subyek ialah 1,61 tahun (rentang 0,09-17,14 tahun). Proporsi lelaki dan perempuan hampir sama dengan lelaki sebanyak 39 (51,3%). Jenis infeksi SSP terbanyak ialah meningitis bakterialis (22 pasien, 28,9%). Terdapat 54 episode gangguan keseimbangan natrium pada 48 subyek (63,1%). Etiologi gangguan keseimbangan natrium diketahui pada 13 pasien dengan penyebab terbanyak ialah cerebral salt wasting (CSW) pada empat subyek. Pada analisis multivariat regresi logistik hanya penurunan kesadaran saat masuk rumah sakit yang dapat memprediksi gangguan keseimbangan natrium pada subyek dengan infeksi SSP probable dan terkonfirmasi dengan RR 1,5 (IK 95% 1,033-2,176), nilai p=0,033. Gangguan keseimbangan natrium pada infeksi SSP probable dan terkonfirmasi meningkatkan risiko kematian dengan RR 7,8 (IK 95% 1,074-56,65), nilai p=0,015.Simpulan: Penurunan kesadaran saat masuk rumah sakit merupakan prediktor gangguan keseimbangan natrium pada anak dengan infeksi SSP probable dan terkonfirmasi. Gangguan keseimbangan natrium pada populasi ini dapat meningkatkan risiko kematian secara signifikan.

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Background: Central nervous system (CNS) infection can be fatal for children. One of the complications of CNS infection is impaired sodium balance which can cause delayed diagnosis, aggravate symptoms of CNS infection, and is associated with poor outcomes. However, few studies have attempted to predict sodium balance disturbances in children with CNS infections.

Objective: This study aims to identify and predict impaired sodium balance in children with central nervous system infection.

Methods: This is a prognostic study with an retrospective cohort design at RSCM using medical record data from January 2020-December 2023. The subjects studied were children aged >1 month to 18 years who had CNS infections. The predictors studied were decreased consciousness at admission, suspected causative pathogen, sepsis, previous craniocerebral structural abnormalities, and seizures before admission.

Results: There were 76 subjects with central nervous system infection. The median age of the subjects was 1.61 years (range 0.09-17.14 years). The proportion of males and females was almost equal with males 39 (51.3%). The most common type of CNS infection was bacterial meningitis (22 subjects, 28.9%). There were 54 episodes of sodium balance disorder in 48 subjects (63.1%). The etiology of sodium balance disorders was known in 13 patients with the most common cause was cerebral salt wasting (CSW) in four subjects. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only decreased consciousness at hospital admission predicted sodium balance disturbance in subjects with probable and confirmed CNS infection with RR 1,5 (95% CI 1,033-2,176), p value=0,033. Impaired sodium balance in probable and confirmed CNS infection increased the risk of death with RR 7,8 (95% CI 1,074-56,65), p value=0,015.

Conclusion: Decreased consciousness at hospital admission is a predictor of impaired sodium balance in children with probable and confirmed CNS infection. Impaired sodium balance in this population can significantly increase the risk of death."

"Lymphoma and leukemia of the nervous system is a comprehensive review of this challenging group of diseases and should be useful for the practicing neurologist, hematologist, oncologist and for any practitioner involved in the management of these patients."

"In two books, Geoffrey Burnstock and Alexej Verkhratsky have aimed at drawing together the massive and diverse body of literature on purinergic signalling. The topic of this first book is purinergic signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems and in the individual senses. In a second book the authors focus on purinergic signalling in non-excitable cells, including those of the airways, kidney, pancreas, endocrine glands and blood vessels. Diseases related to these systems are also considered."

"Infeksi sistem saraf pusat SSP merupakan masalah yang sangat serius dalam bidang neurologi di seluruh dunia. Infeksi SSP biasanya diduga atas dasar presentasi klinis pasien, namun diagnosis berdasarkan gejala dan tanda klinis memiliki kelemahan, sehingga deteksi dan penatalaksanaan yang tidak tepat menyebabkan infeksi SSP berkembang cepat dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Pada penelitian ini, dari bahan cairan serebrospinal CSS akan dilakukan deteksi dan identifikasi bakteri dan virus guna mengetahui penyebab infeksi SSP. Penelitian ini menggunakan sisa sampel CSS dari pasien yang diperiksakan di laboratorium Departemen Patologi Klinik RSUPN CM dengan diagnosis berhubungan dengan infeksi/inflamasi. Spesimen CSS diperiksakan pewarnaan Gram langsung, biakan pada media agar, dan pendekatan molekular menggunakan primer gen 16S rRNA, lytA dan sebelas panel spesifik virus. Koloni yang tumbuh pada agar darah dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan pewarnaan Gram dan uji biokimia, serta MALDI-TOF-MS. Untuk bakteri, hasil kemudian dibandingkan, sedangkan untuk virus dilakukan analisis genomik.Dari 147 spesimen CSS, proporsi bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae sebagai penyebab infeksi SSP dengan metode Gram langsung, biakan, dan qPCR adalah 0,7 dan dengan metode qPCR terget gen lytA saja adalah 2 , sedangkan proporsi virus dengan metode PCR adalah 4,1 . Berdasarkan identifikasi morfologi dan biokimia dari biakan yang tumbuh, berhasil didapatkan 1 isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae, 5 isolat Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 isolat Staphylococcus saprophyticus, dan 1 isolat Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Berdasarkan hasil uji biokimia dan MALDI-TOF-MS, terdapat 1 isolat memiliki kesamaan jenis bakteri sampai tingkat spesies dan 8 isolat memiliki kesamaan pada tingkat genus. Streptococcus pneumoniae yang ditemukan adalah serotipe 6B, dan bersifat resistan terhadap oxacillin dan trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole. Untuk virus, terdeteksi 1 spesimen positif virus Influenza A dan 5 Herpes virus dari pemeriksaan terhadap 147 spesimen CSS. Analisis sekuens yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa virus Influenza tersebut adalah virus Influenza A subtipe H1N1, dan 5 Herpes virus adalah Human betaherpesvirus 5 strain HANSCTR2.Peran diagnostik 16S rRNA dalam deteksi infeksi bakteri pada CSS tidak dapat dinilai, namun penggunaan gen lytA untuk mendeteksi infeksi Streptococcus pneumoniae adalah lebih sensitif dibandingkan dengan biakan. Identifikasi bakteri menggunakan metode biakan-uji biokimia dan biakan-MALDI-TOF-MS memiliki tingkat kesesuaian yang baik sampai pada tingkat genus. Penggunaan primer spesifik virus mampu mendeteksi virus dari bahan CSS. Gambaran analisis CSS pada infeksi bakteri memiliki kesamaan dengan non-infeksi.

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Central nervous system CNS infection is a very serious problem worldwide. The disesase is usually suspected based on patient 39;s clinical presentation, however this diagnosis has weaknesses, whereas an inaccuracy detection and management can cause high morbidity and mortality risk. This study aimed to detect and identify bacteria and virus from cerebrospinal fluid CSF, in order to determine the causes of CNS infection. This study investigated the remained CSF samples from patients examined at the laboratory of Clinical Pathology Department, Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. The diagnosis or clinical information was related to infection or inflammation. The CSF specimens were examined by direct Gram staining, inoculated on blood agar media, and extracted for amplification using 16S rRNA, lytA and eleven viral specific primers. Colonies that grew on blood agar were stained and tested by biochemical tests, as well as MALDI-TOF-MS. For bacteria, all results were compared, and for the virus, the genomic sequence was analyzed. From 147 cerebrospinal fluid specimens, the proportion of Streptococcus pneumoniae as the etiology of CNS infection by using 3 methods direct Gram, culture, and qPCR lytA gene target was 0,7, while using qPCR lytA the proportion was 2. The proportion of virus by using PCR method was 4.1. Bacterial species isolated during culture on blood agar were Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 isolate, Staphylococcus epidermidis 5 isolates, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 1 isolate , and Streptococcus dysgalactiae 1 isolate. Based on biochemical and MALDI-TOF-MS test results, 1 isolate had the same type of bacteria to the species level and 8 isolates had similarity at the genus level. The serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from CSF were serotype 6B, and non-susceptible to oxacillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. For the virus, 1 positive specimen of Influenza virus and 5 Herpes virus were detected. The sequence analysis of Influenza virus showed that the virus was Influenza A virus, subtype H1N1, and for 5 Herpes virus were Human betaherpesvirus 5 strain HANSCTR2. The use of 16S rRNA in the detection of bacterial infections in CSF could not be assessed, but the use of lytA gene in detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae showed higher senstivity compare to culture. Bacterial identification using biochemical methods and MALDI-TOF-MS had a reliable identification up to the genus level. The use of virus-specific primers was capable of detecting viruses from CSF materials. The CSF analysis on bacterial infections had similarities with non-infections."

""This new book carries on a strong tradition of diagnostically oriented texts established by the Biopsy Interpretation Series, in the present case focused on lesions of the Central Nervous System. Our purpose is to provide a practical guide and concise reference that can be a companion text for the general surgical pathologist, trainees in pathology and neuropathology, and clinicians who treat patients with neurological diseases that require surgical sampling. Given the heavy orientation of the Biopsy Interpretation Series to the busy and serious-minded diagnostician, we have taken this opportunity to create something new and, we think, useful. While there are certainly several excellent books on neuropathology and surgical neuropathology, the majority are reference texts that are comprehensive and encyclopedic, making them less than optimal on a daily basis to assist with interpretation. Because the central concern here is with establishing the correct diagnosis, the content is aimed at anticipating difficult diagnostic decisions and providing concise and reliable guide to their resolution"--Provided by publisher."