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"ABSTRAKKawasan Perbatasan merupakan kawasan strategis dalam menjaga integritaswilayah negara, maka diperlukan pengelolaan secara khusus. Pengelolaan bataswilayah negara dan kawasan perbatasan dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatankeamanan, peningkatan kesejahteraan dan kelestarian lingkungan sertapengembangan budaya lokal. permasalahan di wilayah dan kawasan perbatasanmulai dari ancaman dengan kekuatan militer sampai pada ancaman ideologi.Penting untuk memahami kewenangan dan bentuk pengelolaan wilayah dankawasan perbatasan. Khusus penelitian pada kawasan perbatasan Indonesia inimerupakan suatu upaya mengedepankan pendekatan non-militeristik melaluipemanfaatan kerjasama internasional dalam mengelola kawasan perbatasan.Penelitaian ini membahas berbagai macam permsalahan, mecermati kerjsamainternsional dan implementasinya. Khsususnya dalam praktek kerjasamainternasional Indonesia

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ABSTRACTThe border region is a strategic region in safeguarding the territorial integrity of astate, therefore it would require a special management. The state territory andborder region management can be done by a security approach, by increasingprosperity and environmental sustainability and by local culture development,problems in the territory and the border region from the threat of military forceuntil the threat of ideology. It is important to understand the territory and borderareas management authority. Specifically this studies in the border region inIndonesia is an effort to promote a non-militaristic approach through the use ofinternational cooperation in managing the border region. This research discussesvarious problems, specifically the international cooperation and theimplementation. Especially the practice of the international cooperation byIndonesia."

"International boundary between two state is an important place where the local resident's activities are executed

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"Di negara yang menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensiil tidak dikenal pemisahan kekuasaan Presiden sebagai kepala negara (head of state) dan kepala pemerintahan (head of government). Oleh karena itu, praktik pemisahan Sekretariat Negara dan Sekretariat Kabinet yang dilakukan atas dasar pertimbangan pemisahan kekuasaan Presiden sebagai head of state dan head of government merupakan hal yang berkontradiksi (contradictio in terminis) dengan konsep negara dengan sistem pemerintahan presidensiil. Permasalahan yang menjadi kajian dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah konsep pemisahan yang dilakukan terhadap Kementerian Sekretariat Negara dan Sekretariat Kabinet jika dikaitkan dengan fungsi jabatan yang dimiliki Presiden dalam sistem pemerintahan presidensiil dan bagaimanakah paradigma dan format kelembagaan yang baik dan tepat guna mendukung tugas dan fungsi Presiden sebagai penyelenggara kekuasaan pemerintahan dalam sistem pemerintahan presidensiil. Hasil penelitian dalam tesis ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep pemisahan yang dilakukan terhadap Kementerian Sekretariat Negara dan Sekretariat Kabinet tidak relevan dengan fungsi jabatan yang dimiliki Presiden dalam sistem pemerintahan presidensiil karena pemisahan itu semata-mata hanya didasari kepentingan politik Presiden dan hanya mengakibatkan dualisme kepemimpinan. Seharusnya, paradigma yang tepat adalah Presiden merupakan penyelenggara pemerintahan yang memiliki kekuasaan pemerintahan negara yang bersifat inheren (dwitunggal) sehingga format kelembagaan yang baik dan tepat guna mendukung tugas dan fungsi pemberian layanan dan dukungan kepada Presiden ialah dengan menggabungkan Kementerian Sekretariat Negara dan Sekretariat Kabinet menjadi suatu sekretariat baru bernama Sekretariat Presiden dan kedudukannya perlu diatur dalam suatu Undang-Undang tentang Lembaga Kepresidenan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, pendekatan historis, dan pendekatan kasus. Jenis data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang dilakukan melalui studi dokumen atau studi kepustakaan. Data yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan itu dianalisis secara deskriptif-kualitatif.

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In the country having the presidential government system, the separation of the President’s power as the head of state and as the head of government is not recognized. Therefore, the separation practice of the State Secretariat and the Cabinet Secretariat done based on the consideration of the separation of the President’s power as the head of state and as the head of government is something contradictory (contradictio in terminis) to the state concept with the presidential government system. The issues which become the study in this research are how the separation concept is done towards the State Secretariat Ministry and Cabinet Secretariat if it is related to the position function owned by the President in the presidential government system and what the good and right institutional paradigm and format are in order to support the duties and functions of the President as the government power executor in the presidential government system.

The research result in this thesis shows the separation concept done towards the State Secretariat Ministry and the Cabinet Secretariat is not relevant with the position function owned by the President in the presidential government system because the separation is merely based on the President’s political interest and it only causes the leadership double standards to appear. The appropriate paradigm should be that the President is the government executor having the inherent state government power so that the good and right institutional format in order to support the duties and functions providing service and support to the President is by combining the State Secretariat Ministry and the Cabinet Secretariat to become a new secretariat named the President Secretariat and its position needs to be governed in a Law on Presidential Institutions. This research uses the normative law research method with the laws and regulations approach, the historical approach, and the case approach. The kind of data used is secondary data done through the document study or library research. The data obtained from the library research were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively."

"The Routledge History of the Second World War sums up the latest trends in the scholarship of that conflict, covering a range of major themes and issues.The book delivers a thematic analysis of the many ways in which study of the Second World War can take place, considering international, transnational, and global approaches, and serves as a major jumping off point for further research into the specific fields covered by each of the expert authors. It demonstrates the global and total nature of the Second World War, giving due coverage to the conflict in all major theatres and through the lens of the key combatants and neutrals, examines issues of race, gender, ideology, and society during the war, and functions as a textbook to educate students as to the trends that have taken place in how the conflict has been (and can be) interpreted in the modern world. Divided into twelve parts that cover central themes of the conflict, including theatres of war, leadership, societies, occupation, secrecy and legacies, it enables those with no memory of war to approach it with a view to comprehending what it was all about and places the history of this conflict into a context that is international, transnational, and institutional.This is a comprehensive and accessible reference volume for anyone interested in the most up to date scholarship on this major conflict.Chapter 18 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com"