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"Chromium sulphate Cr(III) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) widely used as tanning and biocide respectively in leather preparation are highly toxic and recalcitrant. Biosorption of chromium by Aspergillus niger FIST1 was evaluated, and process parameters were optimized in presence of carbon, nitrogen, carbon:nitrogen, pH, temperature, different concentration of chromium. The potency of Acinetobacter sp.IST3 for degradation of pentachlorophenol was determined by HPLC after formation of tetrachlrohydroquinone and chlrorohydroquinone. Bioremediation of chromium and PCP were tested in bioreactors in sequential way where bacterium treated effluent subsequently treated by fungus showed reduction of chromium (82%) and PCP (85%) after 120 hrs. Biosorption of chromium was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Recovery of chromium in tannery effluent was initially obtained by CaO:MgO (2:1) and pH adjusted to 7.0-7.6, and chromium absorbed by fungus and bacteria, was further used for tanning of the leather. Results of the study indicated that quality of the leather prepared by absorbed chromium of fungus and bacteria was better than chromium recovered by CaO:MgO determined by SEM. In view of above results ‘tanning cake’ was prepared which is better substitute of raw chromium used for tanning in leather mills."

"The combination ofbaffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil milleffluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory inPTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions,such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to findthe optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce theconcentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater,which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. Theresults showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimumorganic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained atHRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequentlypassed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removalefficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD),total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS),mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passingthrough the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%,respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18,while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A highquality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent."

"The purpose of this paper was to investigate the performance of ceramic filters made from a mixture of natural clay, rice bran, and iron powder in removing cadmium from pulp industry effluent. Some parameters were examined such as acidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), and cadmium concentration. Results showed that the composition percentage of the ceramic filter, which in this case amounted to 87.5% natural clay, 10% rice bran, and 2.5% iron powder, may decrease cadmium concentration in pulp industry effluent by up to 99.0%. Furthermore, the permeate flux decreased after 30 minutes of filtration time, and subsequently became constant at one hour of contact time. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs of the ceramic filter surfaces indicate that ceramic filters have a random pore structure and can be categorized as microfiltration filters."

"The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent."

"e purpose of this paper was to investigate the performance of ceramic filters made from a mixture of natural clay, rice bran, and iron powder in removing cadmium from pulp industry effluent. Some parameters were examined such as acidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), and cadmium concentration. Results showed that the composition percentage of the ceramic filter, which in this case amounted to 87.5% natural clay, 10% rice bran, and 2.5% iron powder, may decrease cadmium concentration in pulp industry effluent by up to 99.0%. Furthermore, the permeate flux decreased after 30 minutes of filtration time, and subsequently became constant at one hour of contact time. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs of the ceramic filter surfaces indicate that ceramic filters have a random pore structure and can be categorized as microfiltration filters."