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"Independensi bank sentral sebagai bentuk hubungan bank sentral dan negara mengalami tren peningkatan yang signifikan pasca runtuhnya Sistem Bretton Woods. Tulisan ini berupaya untuk menganalisis fenomena peningkatan bank sentral yang independen dari negara melalui kajian terhadap perdebatan konsep independensi bank sentral di antara dua paradigma dominan, yaitu Keynesianisme dan Neoliberalisme. Dalam prosesnya, tulisan ini memanfaatkan metode tipologi dan taksonomi dalam melakukan survei literatur. Argumen utama yang muncul dari analisis tersebut adalah bahwa narasi literatur yang berkembang dan diterima secara masif di tingkat global dalam isu hubungan bank sentral dan negara telah didominansi oleh perspektif paradigma Keynesianisme dan Neoliberalisme. Berdasarkan survei literatur dengan mengandalkan dua metode utama tersebut, tulisan ini juga menemukan kalau narasi independensi bank sentral masih lebih terbatas hanya pada negara maju dan negara Barat yang kemudian menjadi kesenjangan literatur. Oleh karena itu, terdapat tiga poin yang disasar dalam mendalami topik ini, yaitu pemahaman terhadap interpretasi independensi bank sentral, argumentasi kritis sebagai justifikasi independensi bank sentral, dan peranan bank sentral yang independen dalam arsitektur finansial dan moneter global dilihat dari sudut pandang Keynesianisme dan Neoliberalisme.

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Central bank independence as a form of central bank-state relations experienced a significant increase after the collapse of the Bretton Woods System. This paper seeks to observe the phenomenon of increasing central bank that is independent from the state through deep analyzes to the debate over the concept of central bank independence among two dominant paradigms, Keynesianism and Neoliberalism. Using typology and taxonomy as the main methods, this paper argues that Keynesianism and Neoliberalism have dominated academic narratives in mainstream literatures over this debate. Literature review also found that the concept of central bank independence within these two paradigms is still limited only from developed and Western countries which later became literature gaps. Therefore, there are three main points elaborated in this paper, which are the interpretation of central bank independence, critical arguments as justification for central bank independence, and the role of independent central bank in global financial and monetary architecture from the perspective of Keynesianism and Neoliberalism."

"ABSTRAKPendanaan pembangunan melalui transfer ke daerah merupakan salah satu modaldalam pembangunan daerah yang diberikan oleh Pemerintah Pusat dalam eradesentralisasi. Kemandirian fiskal merupakan indikator utama dalam mengukurkemampuan pemerintah daerah untuk membiayai sendiri kegiatan pemerintahandaerah. Kemandirian keuangan daerah tercermin dalam Derajat DesentralisasiFiskal dan Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah. Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskaladalah rasio Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap Total Penerimaan Daerah(TPD), sedangkan Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah adalah rasio PendapatanAsli Daerah (PAD) terhadap Total Pengeluaran Daerah (TKD) dalam APBD.Tingkat kemandirian keuangan daerah provinsi di Indonesia selama periode tahun2003-2010, baik dilihat dari nilai Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal maupun nilai RasioKemandirian Keuangan Daerah, termasuk dalam kategori sedang karena nilainyamasih berada diantara 30 sampai dengan 40 persen.

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ABSTRACTDevelopment funding through regional transfer is one of the capital provided bythe Central Government for regional development in this decentralization era.Fiscal independence is the key indicator to measure the local government’s abilityto self-finance their activities. The independence of regional finance is reflected inthe Degree of Fiscal Decentralization and the Ratio of Regional FinanceIndependence. Degree of Fiscal Decentralization is the ratio of Regional Revenue(PAD) to Total Regional Revenue (TPD), while the Ratio of Regional FinanceIndependence is the ratio of Regional Revenue (PAD) to Total of RegionalExpenditure (TKD) in Local Budget (APBD). If it is viewed from the Degree ofFiscal Decentralization value and the Regional Finance Independence Ratio value,the level of Regional Finance Independence in Indonesian provinces over theperiod of 2003-2010 is included in medium category for the value remains in therange of 30 up to 40 percent."

"This book describes judicial independence as a central aspect of the rule of law in different stages of transition to democracy. The collection of state-specific studies explores the legal situation of judiciaries in twenty states from North America, over Western, Central and South-Eastern Europe to post-Soviet states and engages in a comparative legal analysis. "

"In 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic brought down the economies of countries around the world, including Indonesia. To overcome this crisis, President Joko Widodo enacted Government Regulation in lieu of Laws No.1 of 2020, which currently has become Law No. 2/2020 concerning State Financial Policies and FinancialSystem Stability for Handling the Covid-19 Pandemic and/or in the context of facing threats that endanger the national economy and/or financial systemstability. This Law was designed to deal with the financial system crisis caused byCovid-19. However, some views that this Law contained issues that influences the independence of Bank Indonesia. One aspect that touches the independence of Bank Indonesia in this regulation is related to the purchase of long-term Government Bonds on the Primary Market by Bank Indonesia for the Governmentto conduct the fiscal policies and the PEN Program. Bank Indonesia also funds the state budget deficit through printing money for the Government. The Financial System Stability Committee, which includes the Minister of Finance as coordinator and Bank Indonesia as a member, has a substantial role in Law No. 2 Year 2020. In this regard, economists and experts believe that there has been intervention by the Government against Bank Indonesia’s independence in thispandemic. At the same time, it can also be said that this policy aims to stabilizethe financial system due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The normative juridicalresearch method was used in this thesis to analyze how does Law No. 2 Year 2020 influences Bank Indonesia’s independence."

"Indonesia sejak diproklamirkan kemerdekaannya hingga saat ini telah mempertahankan posisinya yang terus mendukung kemerdekaan Palestina dan mengutuk kolonialisme yang dilakukan Israel. Hal ini sesuai dengan Pembukaan UUD RI 1945, yang menegaskan prinsip Indonesia untuk terus memerangi segala bentuk imperialisme dan kolonialisme. Namun seiring dengan memasukinya Era Reformasi, dukungan yang diberikan terlihat tidak terlalu signifikan, terutama pada masa transisi. Dukungan baru mulai terlihat secara signifikan pada masa Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY). Dalam artikel ini penulis meneliti berbagai bentuk dukungan yang diberikan Pemerintahan Presiden SBY dan berharap dapat melihat signifikansinya terhadap perjuangan kemerdekaan Palestina. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan ditulis menggunakan metode sejarah. Pengumpulan sumber data berupa surat kabar, buku, serta jurnal yang diperoleh dari koleksi pribadi, koleksi Perpustakaan UI, Perpustakaan Nasional, Litbang Kompas, langganan surat kabar dan juga yang diperoleh secara daring. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa signifikansi dari dukungan dan bantuan yang diberikan memang mengalami peningkatan pada masa Presiden SBY. Namun signifikansi tersebut belum cukup memberikan dampak yang besar terhadap perjuangan kemerdekaan Palestina.

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Indonesia, since its independence was declared until now, has maintained its position of continuing to support Palestinian independence and condemning colonialism carried out by Israel. This is in accordance with the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which emphasizes Indonesia's principle of continuing to fight all forms of imperialism and colonialism. However, as we entered the Reformation Era, the support provided did not appear to be very significant, especially during the transition period. Support only started to appear significantly during the time of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY). In this article the author examines the various forms of support provided by President SBY's government and hopes to see their significance in the struggle for Palestinian independence. This type of research is qualitative research and is written using historical methods. Collecting data sources in the form of newspapers, books and journals obtained from personal collections, UI Library collections, National Library, Kompas Research and Development, newspaper subscriptions and also those obtained online. The results of this research show that the significance of the support and assistance provided has indeed progressed during the time of President SBY. However, this significance is not enough to have a big impact on the struggle for Palestinian independence."

"Skripsi ini mengkaji permasalahan hukum dalam pengisian jabatan hakim agung dan hakim konstitusi di Indonesia, dengan tujuan mengusulkan mekanisme pengisian yang bebas dari intervensi politik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian doktrinal dengan pendekatan analitis serta pendekatan perbandingan hukum. Pengisian jabatan hakim di Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi merupakan hal krusial dalam menentukan independensi kehakiman. Berdasarkan temuan, terdapat intervensi politik yang dilakukan oleh DPR dalam pemilihan hakim agung yang ditunjukkan dalam pengambilan keputusan subjektif dan ketidakpatuhan DPR terhadap aturan dalam pengisian hakim agung. Sedangkan dalam pengisian hakim konstitusi, intervensi politik terjadi karena ketiadaan peraturan baku yang memungkinkan penyelundupan hukum oleh Pemerintah dan DPR. Solusi yang diajukan melibatkan penambahan syarat masa tenggang bagi anggota partai politik yang mendaftar sebagai calon hakim agung, penguatan sistem nonrenewable term dan penambahan syarat masa tenggang bagi calon hakim konstitusi. Pemerintah juga disarankan untuk mengatur penambahan ketentuan dalam UU tentang MK yang memaksa lembaga pengusul membentuk mekanisme baku yang transparan, profesional, dan memprioritaskan independensi kekuasaan kehakiman.

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This thesis examines legal issues in the appointment of Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges in Indonesia, aiming to propose a mechanism free from political intervention. The research employs a doctrinal approach with analytical and comparative legal methods. The appointment of judges in the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court is crucial in determining judicial independence. Findings indicate political intervention by the DPR (People's Consultative Assembly) in the selection of Supreme Court judges, evidenced by subjective decision-making and non-compliance with appointment regulations. In the case of Constitutional Court judges, political intervention arises due to the absence of standardized regulations, allowing legal smuggling by the Government and DPR. Proposed solutions involve adding a cooling-off period for political party members applying for the position of Supreme Court judge, strengthening the nonrenewable term system, and introducing a cooling-off period requirement for Constitutional Court candidates. Additionally, it is recommended to amend the Constitutional Court Law to compel proposing institutions to establish standardized mechanisms that are transparent, professional, and prioritize judicial independence."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis peranan independensi dan kompetensi Auditor Internal serta optimalisasi peranan independensi dan kompetensi auditor dalam peningkatan kualitas hasil audit di Badan Narkotika Nasional. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode triangulasi. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan teori peranan yang menunjukkan bahwa peranan independensi dan kompetensi Auditor Internal dapat meningkatkan kualitas hasil audit di BNN. Peranan independensi Auditor Internal memberikan kebebasan kepada auditor dalam melaksanakan tugas pengawasan intern tanpa paksaan dari pihak manapun, sehingga hasil audit yang dilaksanakan berkualitas. Sedangkan peranan kompetensi Auditor Internal mendorong Auditor Internal untuk dapat melakukan tugas dengan baik dan mendapat kepercayaan bahwa mereka mampu menjalankan tugas sebagai pengawas intern. Inspektorat Utama BNN telah melakukan optimalisasi peranan independensi dan kompetensi dengan menerapkan sistem pengawasan auditor yang berjenjang. Peranan independensi dan kompetensi yang dijalankan oleh Auditor Internal BNN dapat meningkatkan kualitas hasil audit. Penelitian ini diharapkan bisa menjadi bahan masukan kepada pihak yang terkait untuk lebih memperhatikan peranan independensi dan kompetensi Auditor Internal agar kualitas hasil audit terus meningkat.Kata Kunci: Auditor Internal, Independensi, Kompetensi.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to analyze the role of independence and competence of Internal Auditors as well as optimizing the role of independence and competence of auditors in improving the quality of audit results in the Badan Narkotika Nasional. This research is qualitative research with triangulation method. The results of analysis used the theory of the role which shows that the role of independence and competence of Internal Auditor can improve the quality of audit result in BNN. Role of the Internal Auditor independence gives freedom to the auditors in performing internal control without coercion from any side, so that the results of quality audits performed. While the role of Internal Auditor 39 s competence to encourage Internal Auditors to be able to perform the task well and get the confidence that they are able to perform duties as internal supervisor. Inspektorat Utama BNN has optimized the role of independence and competence by implementing a tiered auditor supervision system. The role of independence and competence undertaken by the BNN Internal Auditor can improve the quality of audit results. This research is expected to be an input to the relevant parties to pay more attention to the role of independence and competence of Internal Auditors in order to improve the quality of audit results.Keywords Competence Independence Internal Auditor"