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"ABSTRAKPermasalahan jaringan rantai pasok atau supply chain network pada umumnya hanya memperhatikan model optimasi biaya dengan menentukan konfigurasi supply chain yang optimal dalam lingkungan bisnis yang tidak pasti. Sekarang ini, muncul banyak tekanan dari masyarakat untuk merancang supply chain network yang berkelanjutan untuk mengurangi emisi karbon yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan supply chain dengan biaya yang proporsional. Studi ini membahas perancangan supply chain network yang berkelanjutan dengan mempertimbangkan skema perdagangan karbon dan ­trade-credit dari pemasok untuk memaksimalkan total profit supply chain. Permasalahan yang dibahas tidak hanya tentang pengambilan keputusan mengenai jumlah, lokasi, dan kapasitas dari fasilitas supply chain, aliran produk antar fasilitas di dalam network, dan harga jual produk, tetapi juga mengenai jumlah pemesanan material kepada pemasok yang optimal berdasarkan pada skema trade-credit yang berbeda-beda. Sebuah model robust fuzzy programming yang dikembangkan dari integrasi model robust optimization dan fuzzy programming digunakan untuk menangani ketidakpastian pada permintaan pelanggan dan komponen biaya. Sebuah studi kasus pada perusahaan baja Taiwan dilakukan untuk menunjukkan kinerja dan efisiensi model yang diusulkan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa model yang diusulkan dapat meningkatkan total keuntungan supply chain sebesar 3 persen dan mengurangi waktu perhitungan sebesar 76% dibandingkan dengan model scenario-based robust stochastic programming. Temuan kami juga menunjukkan bahwa konfigurasi supply chain network yang optimal dipengaruhi oleh skenario perdagangan karbon yang berbeda dan pemilihan pemasok juga dipengaruhi oleh skema trade-credit

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ABSTRACTClassical supply chain networks mainly concern on the economic optimization model by determining the optimal supply chain configuration under the chaotic business environment. There has been an immense pressure from the society to design more sustainable supply chain networks for reducing the carbon emissions generated from supply chain activities with reasonable cost. This study addresses the sustainable supply chain network design problem considering carbon trading policy and trade-credit from suppliers to optimize the total supply chain profit in both physical market and carbon market. The problem entails decisions regarding not only the number, location, and capacity of facilities, the product flow among entities in the network, and the product-selling price but also the optimal economic order quantity to suppliers under different trade-credit schemes. A robust fuzzy programming model based on the integration of robust optimization and fuzzy programming is applied to tackle the uncertainties in demand and relevant costs. A case study in Taiwan steel firm was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed model. Results show that the proposed model improves the total supply chain profit, including the profits from physical and carbon markets, by approximately 3 percent and reduces the computational time by 76% compared to the scenario-based robust stochastic programming. Our findings also show that the optimal configuration of supply chain network is sensitive to different scenario of carbon trade and selection of supplier is affected by the trade-credit policy."

"Penelitian ini mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tentang apakah data trade credit termasuk data yang dikelola oleh biro kredit mengingat pentingnya peranan trade credit dalam perekonomian. Dalam menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian yuridis-normatif ini meninjau praktik-praktik biro kredit di beberapa negara di dunia, terutama dari segi kerangka hukum, untuk melihat tentang keberadaan pengelolaan data trade credit (utang dagang) oleh biro kredit di negara-negara tersebut. Selain tentang pengelolaan data trade credit, penelitian ini juga mempelajari ketentuan-ketentuan hukum yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap data kredit yang dikelola.Data trade credit ternyata adalah data yang telah dikelola oleh biro kredit di negara-negara tersebut. Mereka bahkan telah memasukkan unsur trade credit secara eksplisit dalam definisi kredit pada umumnya, tidak seperti definisi kredit di Indonesia yang hanya terbatas pada kredit oleh lembaga keuangan. Negara-negara tersebut juga memiliki kerangka hukum terhadap perlindungan data yang lebih komprehensif daripada yang ditemui di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga mendapatkan beberapa pembelajaran dari negara-negara tersebut tentang struktur biro kredit yang dapat mengatasi kendala-kendala yang berpotensi muncul dalam pengelolaan informasi trade credit di Indonesia.

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This research attempts to answer the question on whether trade credit is processed by credit bureaus, owing to the important role trade credit plays in the economy. In the quest for the answer, this legal-normative research looks at the practices of credit bureau in several countries in the world, especially at their legal and regulatory frameworks, to observe the existence of such trade credit processing by the credit bureaus in those countries. Aside from the trade credit processing, this research also learns about the various legal rules providing for the protection of the credit data processed by the credit bureaus.

The processing of trade credit is already part of the operation of the credit bureaus in those countries. They have also explicitly included the trade credit elements in their definition of credit, unlike the credit definition in Indonesia which is still largely limited to the credit by financial intermediaries. Those countries also employ more comprehensive legal frameworks of data protection than the one found in Indonesia. This research also benefits from some learning on the credit bureau structures in those countries, which can be used to address the constraints potentially arising in the trade credit processing in Indonesia."

"Traditional EOQ models are assumed that it is upstream full trade credit and down steam partial trade credit. In most business transactions, this assumption is debatable. In this note, this paper establishes a new EOQ model under two levels of trade credit, in which the supplier offers to the retailer a partial trade credit period for payments even if the order quantity is less than W, and simultaneously the retailer in turn provides a full trade credit period to its customers. Furthermore, we assume that the trade credit period (N) offered by the retailer to the customers is less than or equal to the trade credit period (M) offered by the supplier. And the retailer starts earning revenue from time N to time (T + A/), not from time 0 to time T. Six theorems are developed to determine retailer's optimal ordering policies and numerical examples are given to illustrate these theorems."