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"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mencari chanel yang menghubungkan antara FDI dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dari sektor manufaktur, sektor nonmigas dan semua sektor ekonomi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan pendekatan Kausalitas Granger. Tes ini akan dilaksanakan dalam kerangka kointegrasi dan vektor model koreksi kesalahan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa ada kausalitas satu arah dari FDI terhadap PDB, namun, ekspor dan investasi domestik tidak dapat diperlakukan sebagai chanel di mana FDI bisa menguntungkan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Hasil penting lain menegaskan bahwa ada kausalitas dari PDB untuk FDI di Indonesia, di mana ekspor dan domestik dapat diperlakukan sebagai chanel yang menghubungkan antara PDB ke FDI. Hasil ini memiliki implikasi kebijakan yang penting bagi pemerintah Indonesia, seperti pemerintah harus fokus pada ekonomi domestik ketimbang promosi ekspor, mengelola stabilitas makroekonomi dan memberikan perhatian pada ekspor dan investasi dalam negeri untuk menarik FDI.

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This study investigates various channels through which FDI could benefit economic growth in Indonesia from manufacture sector, non-oil sector and all economic sectors in Indonesia by using Granger Causality approach. This test will be implemented within a cointegration framework and vector error correction model. The findings show that there is a unidirectional causality from FDI to GDP, however, export and domestic investment cannot be treated as the channel through which FDI could benefit economic growth in Indonesia. Another important result confirms that there is causality from GDP to FDI in Indonesia, thus export and domestic investment can be treated as the passage. These findings have important policy implications such as the Indonesia government should focus in domestic economy rather than exports promotion; manage the macroeconomic stability and give attention in exports and domestic investment to attract FDI."

"The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of foreign direct investment, economic growth, international trade, Covid-19 pandemic on unemployment rates in six developing Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries, as well as members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), over period 2010 to 2021. Quantitative approaches using panel regression fixed effect model are utilized. According to the findings of this study, all of the variable used include foreign direct investment, economic growth, international trade and the Covid-19 pandemic simultaneously have a substantial impact on unemployment rate in six MENA countries. While partially, foreign direct investment, economic growth and international trade have a strong influence in declining unemployment in six MENA countries, while the Covid-19 pandemic variable has a positive relation and insignificant effect on the unemployment rate which indicates that statistically there is no significant difference of the unemployment rate in the years before and during Covid-19 pandemic. In conclusion, since the MENA countries has experienced a high concentration of unemployment particularly among youth for a long time, the government ought to concentrate more on facilitating skills training support for young people. This will ensure that the young people have added value and are qualified in the sectors and fields offered, particularly in foreign direct investment, allowing the FDI to absorb domestic workers. The youth can so, collectively, escape unemployment and enhance productivity in a country, which will also raise the GDP of the country"

"Salah satu target utama pembangunan pertanian terkait dengan globalisasi ekonomi dan penerapan kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan di sektor pertanian adalah mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi sektor pertanian melalui perdagangan internasional khususnya ekspor dan dengan meningkatnya arus masuk modal asing termasuk melalui PMA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (i) menganalisis pengaruh ekspor, impor, serta PMA terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di sektor pertanian, dan sebaliknya pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ekspor, impor dan PMA di sektor pertanian; (ii) menganalisis pengaruh guncangan pada ekspor, impor serta PMA terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di sektor pertanian dan pengaruh guncangan pada PDB terhadap ekspor, impor dan PMA di sektor pertanian. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Vector Autoregression (VAR) dengan data triwulanan tahun 1995-2011.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan dua arah yang positif dan signifikan antara ekspor pertanian dan PDB pertanian. Sedangkan hubungan impor pertanian terhadap PDB pertanian hanya satu arah yang bernilai negatif dan signifikan namun tidak terjadi sebaliknya. Sementara hubungan PDB pertanian dengan PMA pertanian menunjukkan hasil tidak adanya hubungan. Hasil analisis Impulse Response Function (IRF) memperlihatkan bahwa respon PDB pertanian terhadap guncangan pada ekspor pertanian paling besar. Hal sebaliknya juga berlaku terhadap guncangan PDB pertanian yang direspon lebih besar oleh ekspor pertanian dibandingkan impor pertanian. Hasil variance decomposition, juga mendukung hasil IRF dimana dekomposisi varian PDB pertanian terbesar diberikan oleh ekspor pertanian disusul oleh PMA pertanian dan impor pertanian. Dekomposisi varian ekspor pertanian dengan nilai terbesar diberikan oleh ekspor, PDB, PMA dan impor di sektor pertanian. Adapun impor pertanian dan PMA pertanian memberikan pengaruh yang terbesar terhadap perubahan variabel impor pertanian dibandingkan ekspor dan PDB di sektor pertanian. Dekomposisi varian untuk PMA pertanian disumbangkan oleh PMA pertanian dan PDB pertanian dengan nilai tertinggi, kemudian ekspor dan impor di sektor pertanian.

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One of the main targets of agricultural development associated with economic globalization and the implementation of trade liberalization policies in the agricultural sector is to accelerate economic growth in the agricultural sector through export and international trade particularly with the increased inflow of foreign capital, including FDI. This study aimed to: (i) analyze the effect of export, import and FDI in agricultural sector on economic growth in the agricultural sector and likewise the effect of economic growth on export, import and FDI in the agricultural sector and analyzes the effect of shocks on export, import and FDI on economic growth in agricultural sector and the effect of GDP shocks on exports, imports and FDI in the agricultural sector. The method used in this study is Vector Autoregression (VAR) with quarterly data started in 1995 until 2011.

The results showed that there is a two-way positive and significant correlation between agricultural export and agricultural GDP. While the relationship of agricultural import to agricultural GDP is only one way that is negative and significant, but not the other way around. While there is no relationship between the agricultural GDP and agricultural FDI. Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis showed that the response of agricultural GDP due to agricultural export shock is the most. The opposite also applies to agricultural GDP shock responded by a larger agriculture export than agriculture import. The results of variance decomposition also supports the results of IRF. It is showed that the largest agricultural GDP variance decomposition given by export followed FDI and agricultural import. Variance decomposition of agricultural exports shows the greatest value given by export, GDP, FDI and import in the agricultural sector. The import of agriculture and agricultural FDI influences on more changes in agricultural import than export and GDP in the agricultural sector. Decomposition of variance for agricultural FDI is contributed by agricultural GDP with the highest value, then export and import in the agricultural sector."

"Globalisasi mendorong negara-negara untuk membuka perekonomiannya terhadap perdagangan luar negeri dalam hal arus barang, jasa, modal dan sumber daya manusia. FDI, trade openness, dan kualitas kelembagaan merupakan determinan globalisasi yang memainkan peran penting dalam pembangunan sebuah bangsa. Hal tersebut krusial dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Namun, literatur terdahulu menyediakan hasil yang kompleks dan ambigu mengenai hubungan antara ketiga variabel tersebut dari perspektif pertumbuhan ekonomi. Menggunakan data panel dari 10 negara ASEAN dari tahun 2002 hingga 2019, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara trade openness, FDI, dan kualitas kelembagaan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menginkorporasikan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN 2015 dalam observasi FDI dan perdagangan internasional. Penelitian ini menekankan pada variabel interaksi antara trade openness, FDI, dan kualitas institusional dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan menerapkan model fixed effect, trade openness, dan FDI. Sejalan dengan teori ekonomi, hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa peningkatan trade openness dan FDI memiliki dampak positif yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi ASEAN. Hal yang sama juga terlihat pada hubungan antara kualitas kelembagaan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu, variabel interaksi antara trade openness, FDI dan kualitas institusional berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Apalagi sejak pemberlakuan MEA tahun 2015, trade openness semakin meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun pemberlakuan MEA membuat efek daripada FDI terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi menjadi negatif.

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Globalisation encourages nations to open their economies to foreign trade in terms of flows of goods, services, capital, and human resources; it becomes the world with no borders. FDI, trade openness, and institutional quality are critical determinants of globalization and significant roles in a nation’s development. They have important roles in enhancing economic growth, especially in developing countries. However, previous literatures have provided complicated and ambiguous results towards the relationship between trade openness, FDI, and institutional quality on economic growth. Using panel data in 10 ASEAN countries during 2002-2019, this study aims to examine the relationship between each trade openness, FDI, and institutional quality on economic growth. Along with the implementation of ASEAN Economic Community 2015 towards trade openness and FDI on economic growth. This study emphasizes on the interaction between trade openness, FDI, and institutional quality on economic growth by conducting the Fixed Effect Model, trade openness and FDI has positive and significant effect on growth of ASEAN growth, higher level of trade openness will increase the economic growth. These results are aligned with the economic theories. Positive and significant results also found in the relationship between institutional quality and economic growth. The main conclusion of this study is that the interaction between trade openness, FDI, and institutional quality has a positively significant relationship to economic growth. Moreover, trade openness since the implementation of AEC 2015 does increase the economic growth but FDI decreases the economic growth."

"Pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara dapat dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut adalah investasi dibidang ICT. Peningkatan perekonomian di Amerika adalah salah satu contoh yang dapat diambil sebagai akibat adanya investasi disektor ICT. Investasi ICT dapat membuka bidang usaha baru bagi perusahaan maupun industri yang menggunakan ICT sebagai alat usahanya. Selain membuka bidang baru, ICT juga dapat digunakan untuk optimisasi pekerjaan. ICT dapat digunakan untuk mempermudah pekerjaan, melakukan hal-hal yang tidak dapat dilakukan oleh manusia secara langsung, dll. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji sampai sejauh manakah dampak investasi ICT di Indonesia terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilihat, faktor-faktor ICT mana sajakah yang memiliki korelasi tinggi dengan sektor perekonomian dan akan dicoba ditarik kesimpulan mengenai tanggapan positif dan negatif yang selalu menyertai investasi di sektor ICT.Hasil yang diperoleh adalah investasi ICT mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia terutama disektor investasi telekomunikasi dan services piranti lunak. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa dampak investasi ICT tidak signifikan mempengaruhi perekonomian. Penyebabnya adalah data sekunder yang digunakan belum mencakup keseluruhan investasi ICT di Indonesia.

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Economic growth in one country can be affected by many factors. One factor that can affect the economic growth is ICT Investment. The growth of economic in United States is one of the good examples as the result of the ICT investment. ICT investment can open a new work field for companies or even industries that use ICT as their production tools. ICT can also be used as an optimation tools for work. ICT can be used as a tool to simplify a job especially the job that can?t be done by human.

This research is to study the impact of ICT investment contributed to economic growth in Indonesia. In this research we will explore which ICT Investment factor that have high corellation with economic sector in Indonesia.

The result of this study shows that ICT investment affect Indonesia?s Economic Growth especially at telecommunication investments and software services. This research also concluded that ICT investment impact is not significant compare to economic growth. This may cause by the secondary data that used in this study were not complete."

"Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang berupaya mengoptimalkan penerimaan PMA dalam rangka meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Peningkatan PMA Indonesia berkorelasi dengan penurunan tingkat pengangguran namun tidak disertai penurunan jumlah pekerja informal. Dilihat dari pola sebarannya, realisasi PMA tidak terjadi secara acak melainkan mengikuti karaktersitik daerah penerima dan terkait dengan jenis sektor yang diterima. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran PMA sektoral terhadap tenaga kerja yang mencakup pekerja formal, pekerja informal, dan pengangguran menggunakan data panel kabupaten kota tahun 2010-2019. Kami menggunakan Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) untuk merelaksasi asumsi spatial independent yang umumnya digunakan dalam penelitian terdahulu. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa PMA sektoral memiliki pengaruh spasial yang berbeda terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja. Pengaruh PMA lebih besar terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja daerah lain dibandingkan daerah penerima itu sendiri. PMA manufaktur mampu memberikan keuntungan spasial yang lebih baik dibandingkan PMA sektoral lainnya. PMA agrikultur, PMA pertambangan, dan PMA agregat menurunkan kualitas pekerjaan akibat tradeoff antara pekerja formal dan informal. PMA agrikultur merupakan kategori PMA yang memberikan manfaat terendah bagi tenaga kerja di Indonesia karena berperan meningkatkan pengangguran sekaligus menurunkan kualitas pekerjaan. Kualitas sumber daya manusia, spesialisasi sektor, dan infrastruktur berperan signifikan dalam menentukan pengaruh spasial PMA sektoral terhadap tenaga kerja. Hasil analisis menekankan pentingnya mempertimbangkan efek spasial PMA terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja.

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Indonesia as a developing country is trying to optimize FDI receipts in order to increase employment. The increase in Indonesian FDI correlated with a decrease in the unemployment rate but not with a in the number of informal workers. The distribution of FDI realization does not occur randomly but follows the characteristics of the recipient area and is related to the type of sector received. This study aims to examine the role of sectoral FDI on the workforce which includes formal workers, informal workers, and unemployed using panel data from city districts in 2010-2019. We use the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to relax the assumptions of spatial independence that are commonly used in previous studies. The estimation results show that sectoral FDI has a different spatial effect on changes in the workforce. The influence of FDI is greater on changes in the workforce of other regions than the receiving regions themselves. Manufacturing FDI is able to provide a better spatial advantage than other sectoral FDI. FDI in agriculture, mining, and aggregate reduce the quality of work due to the tradeoff between formal and informal workers. FDI in agriculture is a category of PMA that provides the lowest benefits for workers in Indonesia because it plays a role in increasing unemployment as well as reducing the quality of work. The quality of human resources, sector specialization, and infrastructure play a significant role in determining the spatial effect of sectoral FDI on the workforce. The results of the analysis emphasize the importance of considering the spatial effect of FDI on changes in the workforce."

"Pemerintah Republik Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan-kebijakan untuk menarik lebih banyak Foreign Direct Investment karena persentase arus masuk FDI terhadap gross domestic product (GDP) relatif rendah dan distribusi arus masuk FDI antar koridor ekonomi tidak merata. Disamping kontribusi langsung dari FDI melalui pembentukan modal, paket FDI dan teknologi dan aset tidak berwujudnya telah berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui spillover effects. Studi ini menguji pengaruh FDI terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia melalui pembentukan modal dan spillover effects atas kehadiran FDI dengan menggunakan regresi fixed effect model dari data panel yang terdiri atas 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan 2012. Hasil dari studi menunjukan bahwa arus masuk FDI ke Indonesia menghasilkan pembentukan modal dan spillover effects positif terhadap perusahaan perusahaan domestik. Hasil lebih lanjut menunjukan bahwa spillover effects meningkatkan produktivitas domestik dan menggeser production frontier ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi, yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan GDP per provinsi dan nasional. Pengaruh positif FDI terhadap pertumbuhan GDP dalam studi ini berimplikasi pada perlunya usaha lebih dari pemerintah Indonesia untuk menarik lebih banyak arus masuk FDI.

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The Government of Indonesia implemented policies to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) since the percentage of FDI inflows over gross domestic product (GDP) was relatively low and the distribution among corridor in Indonesia was not prevalent. Besides its direct contribution through capital formation, FDI and its package of technologies and intangible assets has contributed to growth through spillover effects. This study examined the impact of FDI on Indonesia economic growth through capital formation and spillover effects of the presence of FDI using a fixed effect model regression of a panel dataset of 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2005 until 2012.

The results indicate that FDI inflows to Indonesia generate capital augmentation and positive spillover effects to domestic companies. The results further show that the spillover effects increase domestic productivity and shift the production frontier to a higher level, which results in an increase in provincial and national GDP. This finding implies that Indonesia needs extra effort to attract more FDI inflows. "