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"The phenomenon of grammaticalization, the historical process whereby new grammatical material is created, has attracted a great deal of attention within linguistics in recent years. However, until now no attempt has been made to provide a general account of this phenomenon in terms of a formal theory of syntax. The aim of this new and original book is to do precisely that. Using Chomsky’s Minimalist Programme for linguistic theory, Roberts and Roussou show how this approach gives rise to a number of important conceptual and theoretical issues concerning the nature of functional categories and the form of parameters, as well as the relation of both of these to language change. Drawing on examples from a wide range of languages, they construct a general account of grammaticalization with implications for linguistic theory and language acquisition."

"Lexicalization, a process of language change, has been conceptualized in a variety of ways. Broadly defined as the adoption of words into the lexicon, it has been viewed by some as the reverse process of grammaticalization, by others as a routine process of word formation, and by others as the development of concrete meanings. In this up-to-date survey, Laurel Brinton and Elizabeth Traugott examine the various conceptualizations of lexicalization that have been presented in the literature. In light of contemporary work on grammaticalization, they then propose a new, unified model of lexicalization and grammaticalization. Their approach is illustrated with a variety of case studies from the history of English, including present participles, multi-word verbs, adverbs, and discourse markers, as well as some examples from other Indo-European languages. As a first overview of the various approaches to lexicalization."

"Penelitian ini membahas implementasi teori lanskap linguistik dan fenomena multibahasa dalam lanskap linguistik yang ada di salah satu kawasan wisata Kota Malang, yaitu kawasan Kayutangan. Kayutangan adalah kawasan yang memiliki bangunan-bangunan kuno di pusat Kota Malang. Lanskap linguistik yang ditemukan di Kawasan Kayutangan berupa papan nama toko, papan nama bangunan, papan penunjuk jalan, spanduk iklan, poster, rambu lalu lintas, grafiti, dan lain-lain. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Teori lanskap linguistik yang digunakan adalah teori Landry dan Bourhis (1997). Data dikumpulkan dengan memotret lanskap di lokasi penelitian dan didukung dengan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi 178 data lanskap, diketahui bahwa lanskap linguistik di kawasan Kayutangan menunjukkan adanya fenomena multibahasa, meliputi bahasa Indonesia, bahasa Inggris, bahasa Jawa, bahasa Belanda, dan bahasa Arab. Lanskap bersumber dari dua sumber, yaitu tanda pemerintah dan tanda privat. Lanskap mengandung fungsi informasional dan fungsi simbolis. Melalui penelitian ini pula dapat diketahui bahwa lanskap linguistik dapat menunjukkan identitas masyarakat suatu wilayah.

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This study discusses the implementation of linguistic landscape theory and multilingual phenomena in the linguistic landscape in one of the tourist areas of Malang City, namely the Kayutangan area. Kayutangan is an area that has ancient buildings in the center of Malang City. Linguistic landscapes found in the Kayutangan area include signboards, road signs, advertising banners, posters, traffic signs, graffiti and others. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The linguistic landscape theory used is the theory of Landry and Bourhis (1997). Data were collected by photographing the landscape at the research site and supported by interviews. Based on the identification of 178 landscape data, it is known that the linguistic landscape in the Kayutangan area shows a multilingual phenomenon, including Indonesian, English, Javanese, Dutch, and Arabic. Landscapes come from two sources, the government and private communities. The landscape contains an informational function and a symbolic function. Through this research, it can also be seen that the linguistic landscape can show the identity of the people of a region."