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"This article presents an overview of four shifts – low vowel fronting, low vowel backing, back vowel fronting, and mid vowel raising – found in a number of languages on or near the Pacific coast of Luzon in the Philippines and in north central Sulawesi in Indonesia. A more extensive illustration of low vowel fronting is given for Umiray Dumaget than has previously been made available, and a second, sporadic correspondence in Umiray Dumaget is shown to be only irregular and unconditioned. Interactions with Philippine-type morphology are also shown to result in synchronically productive alternations in Umiray Dumaget and several of the Mongondow-Gorontalo languages."

"Interferensi fonologis sangat mungkin terjadi pada proses pemelajaran bahasa asing karena adanya kontak antara dua bahasa dan menyebabkan akan sering ditemukan mencampuradukkan sistem bahasa antara sistem bahasa ibu pemelajar dan bahasa asing yang sedang dipelajari. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai penyimpangan bunyi yang disebabkan oleh interferensi bahasa yang terjadi pada pemelajar pemula bahasa Prancis di dua lembaga kursus berbeda di Indonesia, yaitu Institut Français d'Indonésie (IFI) dan Lembaga Bahasa Internasional (LBI). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan sumber data dari rekaman pengucapan 28 kata yang diambil secara acak dari buku Tendances A1 (2016) dan Génération A1 (2016) yang merupakan buku ajar para subjek penelitian: 10 pemelajar dari masing-masing lembaga. Dari 28 kata yang diberikan, subjek penelitian diminta masing-masing membuat 28 kalimat, yang kemudian selanjutnya mereka bacakan dan direkam. Hasil analisis berdasarkan teori Weinreich (2010) menunjukkan bahwa interferensi terjadi di semua subjek penelitian dengan jenis interferensi terbanyak adalah substitusi fonem Prancis dengan fonem bahasa Indonesia karena pengaruh kebiasaan membaca sesuai dengan tulisan atau pengaruh bahasa Inggris. Hal ini mendukung temuan beberapa penelitian terdahulu mengenai pengaruh cara pembacaan tulisan bahasa Indonesia, pengaruh bahasa nasional dan atau bahasa kedua. Kesalahan realisasi bunyi juga dilakukan karena para subjek penelitian kurang berlatih dan kurang perhatian sehingga mereka tidak menyadari bahwa perbedaan realisasi bunyi ketika melafalkan sebuah kata dalam bahasa Prancis dapat mengubah arti. Pemilihan buku ajar, kurangnya jam belajar, pengajaran daring, dan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia oleh pengajar memengaruhi interferensi pemelajar dari dua lembaga tersebut.

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Phonological interference is very likely to happen in the process of learning a foreign language. This occurs because there is contact between the two languages which confuses the language system between the learners' mother tongue and the foreign language being studied. This study discusses sound distortion caused by language interference that occurs in French beginner learners at two different course institutions in Indonesia, namely Institute Français d'Indonésie (IFI) and Lembaga Bahasa Internasional (LBI). The research method used is a qualitative method with data sources from the recorded pronunciation of 28 words taken randomly from Tendances A1 (2016) and Génération A1 (2016) which are textbooks for research subjects: 10 students from each institution. Of the 28 words given, each of the research subjects was asked to make 28 sentences, which they then read and recorded. The results of the analysis based on Weinreich's (2010) theory show that interference occurs in all research subjects with the most type of interference is the substitution of French phonemes with Indonesian phonemes due to the influence of reading habits by written or English influences. This supports the findings of several previous studies regarding the influence of how Indonesian is read, the influence of national and/or second languages. Sound realization errors were also made because the research subjects lacked practice and lack of attention so they did not realize that differences in sound realization when pronouncing a word in French could change the meaning. Textbook selection, lack of study hours, online teaching, and the use of Indonesian by teachers affect student interference from the two institutions."

"ABSTRAKJurnal ini membahas mengenai kata tiruan bahasa Korea lingkup benda alam dalam komik yang berjudul ldquo;4 kheot Cartoon Hanguko Eutaeeo. Euiseongeo rdquo; karya Lee Kyeong Eun dan Choe Hui Jeong dan ldquo;yeppeun gongju euiseongeo donghwa euitaeo dongsi rdquo; karya Moon Man Seok dan Jeong Mi Geum. Penulis menganalisis makna yang dihasilkan dari bentuk variasi vokal dan konsonan kata tiruan bahasa Korea. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa 19 kata tiruan dalam korpus memiliki bentuk variasi vokal dan konsonan yang mempengaruhi nuansa dan makna kata tersebut. Kata tiruan dengan vokal? lsquo;a rsquo; dan? lsquo;o rsquo; , memberikan nuansa yang lebih terang dan kecil dibandingkan dengan kata yang bervokal ? lsquo;eo rsquo; dan ? lsquo;u rsquo;. Konsonan ganda dan konsonan aspiratif memberikan nuansa yang lebih kuat dan keras dibandingkan dengan kata yang berkonsonan tunggal.

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ABSTRACTThis journal discusses Korean imitation word of natural objects in Lee Kyeong Eun and Choe Hui Jeong rsquo s ldquo 4 kheot Cartoon Hanguko Eutaeeo. Euiseongeo rdquo and Moon Man Seok and Jeong Mi Geum rsquo s ldquo yeppeun gongju euiseongeo donghwa euitaeo dongsi rdquo comics. The writer analyze the effect of vowel and consonant variation in Korean imitation words meaning. In doing this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that 19 imitation words in the corpus have variations of vowels and consonants that affect the nuance and meaning of the word. Imitation word with lsquo a rsquo and lsquo o rsquo vowels, give lighter and smaller nuance than the word with lsquo eo rsquo and lsquo u rsquo vowels. The intensive consonants and aspirated consonants gives stronger and harder nuance than the simple consonants."

"Penelitian ini membahas analisis kesalahan pelafalan bunyi vokal bahasa Jerman yang dilakukan oleh anak-anak pada rumah singgah Cahaya Anak Negri pada saat pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Data yang diambil untuk penelitian ini menggunakan metode simak dengan bantuan teknik rekam menggunakan telepon genggam. Hasil dari rekaman tersebut ditranskrip menjadi tulisan fonetis dan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teori fonetik serta teori kesalahan dari Rues dkk, Dieling dan Hirschfeld, serta Edge. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa responden yang melakukan kesalahan pelafalan bunyi vokal bahasa Jerman. Bunyi vokal yang dominan terjadi kesalahan pelafalan adalah bunyi pendek [ʏ], bunyi pendek [œ], dan bunyi [øː]. Kesalahan yang ditemukan berupa penghilangan bunyi, pergantian bunyi, dan penambahan bunyi vokal maupun konsonan lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, kesalahan yang dibuat oleh responden tergolong ke dalam Irrtümer atau errors, karena responden sudah mempelajarinya selama pembelajaran, tetapi tetap melakukan kesalahan. Ada pula faktor lain yang mendukung terjadinya kesalahan, yaitu perbedaan pada bunyi vokal bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jerman, salah satunya terletak pada kuantitas panjang dan pendek bunyi vokal serta grafemnya.

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This research discusses the analysis of German vowel pronunciation errors made by children from a shelter house called Cahaya Anak Negeri during learning sessions. This is qualitative research that uses a descriptive approach. The data taken for this research used the listening method and recording techniques with the help of a cell phone. The results of the recording were transcribed into phonetic writing style by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and analyzed using phonetics and errors theory by Rues et al., Dieling Hirschfeld, as well as Edge. The results showed there are several respondents who make mistakes in the pronunciation of German vowels. The dominant vowel that mistakenly pronounces is a short sound of [ʏ], [œ], dan a long sound of [øː]. The errors were found in the form of omission of the vowel sounds, changes of the vowel sounds, and the addition of the vowel and consonant sounds. Based on the analysis results, the respondents made errors were an error called Irrtümer or error, where the respondents have learned the subject during classes, but still make mistakes. Some factors influence the occurrence of errors, namely the differences in Indonesian and German vowel sounds, one of which lies in the quantity of long and short vowel sounds and their graphemes."

"This book includes how to understand harmony and harmonious society, the enlightenment of traditional Chinese culture to the construction of a socialist harmonious society, harmony is a value concept based on Chinese cultural traditions, and harmony is a value concept that reflects the characteristics of socialism And other content."

"This book presents the proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Engineering, collecting the best papers from the event, which was held in Wrocław, Poland in June 2018. It includes contributions from researchers in computer engineering addressing the applied science and development of the industry and offering up-to-date information on the development of the key technologies in technology transfer. It is divided into the following thematic sections:- parametric and concurrent design,- advanced numerical simulations of physical systems,- integration of CAD/CAE systems for machine design,- presentation of professional CAD and CAE systems,- presentation of the modern methods of machine testing,- presentation of practical CAD/CAM/CAE applications:- designing and manufacturing of machines and technical systems,- durability prediction, repairs and retrofitting of power equipment,- strength and thermodynamic analyses of power equipment,- design and calculation of various types of load-carrying structures,- numerical methods of dimensioning materials handling and long-distance transport equipment (cranes, gantries, automotive, rail, air, space and other special vehicles and earth-moving machinery),- CAE integration problems."