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"Studi ini mengkaji bagaimana peningkatan perdagangan internasional telah memengaruhi dinamika kesenjangan upah antar jenis kelamin dan share employment di industri manufaktur di Indonesia hingga 2003 hingga 2015. Teori Discrimination Taste oleh Becker (1957) dan menyatakan bahwa perdagangan internasional adalah mekanisme untuk meningkatkan daya saing di pasar sehingga peningkatan perdagangan internasional akan mengurangi kesenjangan upah antar tenaga kerja laki-laki dan perempuan karena diskriminasi bersifat costly untuk industri. Di sisi lain, teori non neoklasik berpendapat bahwa perdagangan internasional berakibat kepada melebarnya ketimpangan upah dikarenakan adanya segregasi pekerjaan diantara skilled dan unskilled labor. Penulis memasukkan ide dari kedua teori ini ke dalam model teori persaingan dan konsentrasi industri dan menguji model tersebut menggunakan data panel dari data survei rumah tangga Sakernas yang digabung dengan data perdagangan dan konsentrasi dari Statistik Industri dari 2003-2015. Perkiraan dari Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dan random effect di tingkat industri menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan daya saing di dalam pasar karena perdagangan internasional membuat tingkat kesenjangan upah di industri manufaktur terkonsentrasi di Indonesia menjadi semakin lebar.

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This study examines how increasing trade in manufacturing industry in Indonesia through 2003 to 2015 have affected the dynamic of the gender wage gap and share employment. The Discrimination Taste theory by Becker (1957) stated that international trade is a mechanism for the competitiveness in the market hence the increasing of trade will decrease the gender wage gap since it is costly for the industry. On the other hand, non-neoclassical theory argues that international trade results in widening wage inequality due to the segregation of work between skilled and unskilled labor. We incorporate these two ideas into a theoritical model of competition and industry concentration and test the model using panel data of Sakernas household survey data merged with trade and concentration data from Statistik Industri from 2003-2015. Estimates from ordinary least-squares (OLS) and random effects regressions at the industry-level indicate that increasing openness to trade is associated with larger wage gaps in Indonesias concentrated manufacturing industries."

"Controversial and exhaustively researched, gender expert Warren Farrell's latest book Why Men Earn More takes as its stunning argument the idea that bias-based unequal pay for women is largely a myth, and that women are most often paid less than men not because they are discriminated against, but because they have made lifestyle choices that affect their ability to earn.Why Men Earn More argues that while discrimination sometimes plays a part, both men and women unconsciously make trade-offs that affect how much they earn."

"ABSTRAKEqual Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) banyak mendapat perhatian untuk pengembangan material struktur ultra fine grain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh ECAP terhadap struktur mikro dan peningkatan sifat mekanik paduan Al-Mg. Pada penelitian ini die ECAP yang digunakan memiliki sudut rongga Φ=120o dan Ψ=7 o. Pengaruh rute deformasi ECAP (A, Ba, Bc, C), jumlah pass ECAP dan perlakuan annealing setelah ECAP akan di evaluasi terhadap struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik yang dihasilkan. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah metalografi, SEM, XRD, uji keras dan uji tarik. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa dari keempat rute ECAP, rute Bc merupakan rute deformasi yang menghasilkan butiran yang relatif bulat. Hasil uji SEM menunjukkan bahwa ECAP memperkecil ukuran presipitat dan presipitat semakin mengecil seiring dengan penambahan jumlah pass ECAP. ECAP meningkatkan sifat mekanik paduan Al-Mg dan sifat mekanik semakin meningkat dengan meningkatnya jumlah pass ECAP. Annealing pada 100 dan 200ºC setelah ECAP hanya sedikit menurunkan sifat mekanik Al-Mg, tetapi cukup menaikkan elongasi. Sedangkan pada annealing 300 ºC terjadi penurunan sifat mekanik yang signifikan. Proses annealing pada 100 ºC relatif belum merubah ukuran kristalit (sub butiran), akan tetapi dengan naiknya suhu annealing (200 dan 300 ºC) ukuran kristalit semakin membesar.

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ABSTRACTEqual Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) has received a lot of attention to the development of ultra fine grain structure material. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of ECAP on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys. In this study ECAP die having a cavity corner Φ=120o and Ψ=7 o was used. The influence of ECAP deformation route (A, Ba, Bc, C), the number of ECAP pass and annealing treatment after ECAP will be evaluated on the microstructure and mechanical properties produced . The testing was carried out by metallographic, SEM, XRD, hardness test and tensile test. The experimental results showed that among the four routes of ECAP, Bc route was a deformation route that produced relatively equi-axe grains. SEM test result showed that the ECAP reduced the size of precipitates and the precipitates become smaller with the increasing number of ECAP pass. ECAP increased the mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys and the mechanical properties increased with the increasing number of ECAP pass. Annealing at 100 and 200 º C after ECAP decreased slightly the mechanical properties, but enough to increase elongation. Whereas, annealing at 300 º C decreased significantly the mechanical properties. Annealing at 100 º C had not change the crystallite size (sub-grain), but with increasing annealing temperature (200 and 300 º C) the crystallite sizes became larger."

"ABSTRAKIn order to comply with education rights as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, a non-formal education has been introduced to Indonesian society. Non-formal education is regulated by Article 26, paragraph 1-7 of Law No. 20 of 2003 on National Education System. Since this provision is mandated by the Law, it is questioned whether the Government of Batam City has efficiently implemented the educational rights for all. Another question is whether the delivery system of equal education conducted by Community Learning Center and Homeschooling in Batam City which aim to assist the Batam City Government are the solutions in providing education rights for all in Batam City. This research finds that Law No. 20 of 2003 on National Education has not been effectively implemented by the Batam City Government, particularly the Education Office under the Batam City Government because non-formal educations as one of the solutions of delivering equal education for all remains to face problems. The problems are students in non-formal education programs are not students at the study age and yet they must follow the same curriculums as students in formal schools. This research also finds that the Education Office under the Batam City Government fails to disseminate the requirements under Law No. 20 of 2003 to Community Learning Center in Batam City. In addition, it also fails to conduct regular monitoring and auditing in relation to learning process performances of Community Learning Center in Batam City."

"Legal aspects of women empowerment in Indonesia"