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"Kehadiran CJK FTA sebagai satu-satunya institusi formal di kawasan Asia Timur Laut menjadikan pembahasan akademik mengenai regionalisme ekonomi di Asia Timur Laut terpusat pada perkembangan institusi tersebut. TKA ini bertujuan untuk memetakan persebaran pandangan mengenai dinamika perkembangan CJK FTA melalui tiga klasifikasi taksonomi sebagai metode pengelompokkan literatur yakni (1) pengaruh aktor ekstra-regional; (2) pengaruh relasi CJK; (3) pengaruh aktor domestik. Tema pertama mencakup perdebatan akademisi mengenai peran AS dan ASEAN terhadap rivalitas CJK di kawasan Asia-Pasifik khususnya pengaruh TPP dan RCEP terhadap agenda CJK FTA. Tema kedua berfokus pada perdebatan untung-rugi CJK FTA melalui pembahasan karakter FTA ketiga negara, hubungan perdagangan intra-kawasan, hambatan sektor tarif dan hambatan aspek keamanan serta sentimen historis dalam proses negosiasi. Tema ketiga membahas perdebatan akademisi mengenai peran institusi pemerintah dan kelompok kepentingan bisnis dalam agenda setting dan sosialisasi CJK FTA. Selain itu, tulisan ini mengidentifikasi empat perspektif teoritis dominan dan pengaruh pemikiran dalam perkembangan CJK FTA yakni realisme, liberalisme, neo-merkantilisme dan realisme neo-klasik. Berdasarkan hasil tinjauan pustaka ini, ditemukan adanya eskplorasi strategi kebijakan untuk mempercepat CJK FTA dan perlunya ragam penelitian yang mengkaji dampak regionalisme ekonomi CJK FTA terhadap kawasan diluar Asia Timur Laut.

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The presence of the CJK FTA as the only formal institution in Northeast Asia has centred the academic discussion about economic regionalism on the development of this institution. This paper seeks to organize academics perspective regarding the development of CJK FTA based on taxonomic classification method, resulting three main concerns from scholars: (1) the influence of extra-regional actors; (2) relations between CJK; (3) influence of domestic actors. The first theme included academic debates about the role US and ASEAN in the rivalry of CJK in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly by the influence of TPP and RCEP upon CJK FTA agenda. The second theme focuses on CJK FTA profit and loss through comparison of FTA character, intra-regional trade relations, tariff sector, security and historical sentiments in the negotiation process.

The third theme focuses on the role of government institutions and the business sector in agenda setting and socialization of CJK FTA. Based on literature review, this paper identifies four dominant theoretical perspectives namely realism, liberalism, neo-mercantilism and neo-classical realism which are used to explain the economic regionalism in Northeast Asia. Furthermore, this paper showed an exploration of policy strategies by academics to accelerate the use of CJK FTA and further needs of studies to examine the impact of CJK FTA outside Northeast Asia."

"Proses liberalisasi perdagangan dunia sebelumnya hanya diatur secara multilateral melalui World Trade Organization WTO , tetapi sejak proliferasi free trade agreement FTA tahun 1980-an, muncul perdebatan antara building blocks dan stumbling blocks dalam melihat kaitan FTA dengan usaha liberalisasi perdagangan multilateral. Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk memetakan persebaran perdebatan tersebut di berbagai kawasan dan fenomena kesepakatan perdagangan yang ada. Berdasarkan teknik pengorganisasian taksonomi, tinjauan literatur ini membagi pembahasan ke dalam beberapa kawasan dan fenomena yakni Amerika Utara, Amerika Latin, Eropa, Asia Timur, Asia-Pasifik, Afrika, Mega-FTA, dan komparasi lintas kawasan. Selain taksonomi, tinjauan literatur ini juga menggunakan teknik pengorganisasian tipologi untuk membagi literatur berdasarkan argumentasi building blocks dan stumbling blocks. Dari hasil tinjauan literatur, ditemukan beberapa tema utama yang memengaruhi relasi antara regionalisme dengan multilateralisme perdagangan, yakni pergeseran ke bilateralisme cross-regional, pengaruh kerja sama regional utama kawasan, dan pengaruh eksternal. Kemudian, ditemukan pula beberapa kesenjangan literatur umum dari tiap kawasan yang dapat menjadi potensi penelitian lanjutan, yakni peran kelompok epistemik, peran aliansi bisnis transnasional, dan dinamika politik intra-regional yang memengaruhi relasi regionalisme perdagangan di kawasan tersebut dengan usaha multilateralisme perdagangan.

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Previously, world trade liberalization efforts were managed multilaterally through World Trade Organization WTO, but after the proliferation of free trade agreement FTA in the 1980s, a debate emerged between the building blocks and stumbling blocks argumentations in viewing the relation of FTA with multilateral trade liberalization effort. This literature review aims to map this debate in various regions and FTA phenomenon. Based on taxonomy technique, this literature review classifies its discussion into few regions and phenomenon, which are North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, Asia Pacific, Africa, Mega-FTA, and cross-regional comparation. Besides taxonomy, this literature review also uses typology technique to classify the literature based on building blocks and stumbling blocks argumentation. Based on the literature review, several main themes that influence the relation between trade regionalism and multilateralism can be found, such as the switch to cross-regional bilateralism, the influence of the region`s main regional cooperation, and external influence. Then, this literature review also finds some literature gaps from each regions which could be potential for further research, which are the role of epistemic community, the role of transnational business alliance, and intra-regional political dynamics that influence the relation of a region rsquo;s trade regionalism with trade multilateralism effort."

"Thesis ini menggunakan metode data panel untuk melihat dampak ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) terhadap Perdagangan Intra-Industri (IIT) Indonesia-China untuk produk tekstil. IIT diukur menggunakan indeks Grubel dan Lloyd dan akan didekomposisi menjadi IIT horizontal, IIT Vertikal Bawah, dan IIT Vertikal Atas. Berbeda dengan kebanyakan penelitian empiris sebelumnya, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa perjanjian tersebut secara signifikan berdampak negatif terhadap IIT horizontal, IIT vertical bawah , dan IIT vertical atas. Studi ini juga mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penentu IIT lainnya sebagai variabel terkontrol, seperti kesenjangan ukuran ekonomi, keterbukaan perdagangan, ketidakseimbangan perdagangan, dan kondisi COVID-19. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan ukuran ekonomi secara signifikan meredam IIT horizontal dan IIT vertikal bawah. Lebih lanjut, meningkatnya ketidakseimbangan perdagangan tampaknya menurunkan semua jenis IIT. Sementara itu, keterbukaan perdagangan meningkatkan IIT Horizontal, IIT Vertikal Bawah, dan IIT Vertikal Atas. Kondisi COVID-19 juga menyebabkan keterlibatan LVIIT dan UVIIT.

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This thesis assesses the ASEAN-China free trade area's impact on Indonesia-China intra-industry trade for textile products, using the panel data method. The Intra-industry Trade (IIT) is measured using the Grubel and Lloyd index and will be decomposed into horizontal IIT, Lower Vertical IIT, and Upper Vertical IIT. Unlike most previous empirical studies, this article estimates that the agreement negatively and significantly affects the horizontal, lower side of vertical IIT and upper side of vertical IIT. This study also identifies other IIT determinants as a controlled variable, such as the economic size gap, trade openness, trade imbalance, and COVID-19 conditions. The result indicates that the differences in economic size significantly dampen the horizontal IIT and lower-vertical IIT. Furthermore,  the increased trade imbalance seems to decrease all IIT types. Meanwhile, trade openness is found to enhance horizontal IIT, Lower Vertical IIT, and Upper Vertical IIT. The COVID-19 condition also leads to LVIIT and UVIIT engagement."