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"ABSTRAKDalam Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Jembatan dan ACSE-24 tentang Konstruksi Desain Tahan Banjir disebutkan bahwa ada pengaruh gerusan pada desain jembatan, namun tidak ada langkah yang jelas untuk menghitungnya. Penelitian ini akan membahas langkah-langkah untuk menghitung gerusan yang terjadi disekitar pondasi menggunakan metode California State University (CSU) dan bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap beban hidrodinamik yang terjadi pada pondasi menggunakan persamaan kekekalan momentum dan hukum kekekalan massa. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat bantu aplikasi SAP2000 untuk mengetahui besarnya lendutan yang terjadi dan membandingkannya dengan lendutan ijin sehingga tidak terjadi keruntuhan pada struktur pondasi jembatan. Variabel yang diuji dalam penelitian ini meliputi kepadatan, jumlah kurva, periode ulang, durasi hujan, koefisien Manning, dan ketinggian inflow. Data variabel divariasikan untuk mengetahui variabel mana yang paling sensitif terhadap gerusan dan defleksi yang terjadi dengan melakukan analisis sensitivitas menggunakan metode korelasi Pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pembesaran bidang kontak gaya kerja sehingga perlu diperhitungkan debit kritis yang mengakibatkan defleksi maksimum yang terjadi pada pondasi.ABSTRACTIn the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for Bridges and ACSE-24 concerning Flood Resistant Design Construction, it is stated that there is an effect of scour on the bridge design, but there are no clear steps to calculate it. This study will discuss the steps to calculate the scour that occurs around the foundation using the California State University (CSU) method and how it affects the hydrodynamic load that occurs on the foundation using the conservation of momentum equation and the law of conservation of mass. This study uses the SAP2000 application tool to determine the magnitude of the deflection that occurs and compare it with the allowable deflection so that there is no collapse of the bridge foundation structure. The variables tested in this study include density, number of curves, return period, rain duration, Manning coefficient, and inflow height. Variable data were varied to determine which variables were most sensitive to scour and deflection that occurred by performing sensitivity analysis using the Pearson correlation method. The results show that there is an enlargement of the contact area of ​​the working force so that it is necessary to calculate the critical discharge resulting in the maximum deflection that occurs in the foundation."

"[Penggunaan ruang bawah tanah sebagai alternatif akibat terbatasnya tanah di kota-kota besar. Penelitian secara yuridis normatif, yang bersifat eksplanatoris, dengan analisis kualitatif. Pemanfaatan ruang bawah tanah untuk keperluan usaha di bawah Terminal Blok M menurut Hukum Tanah Nasional serta pemberian hak atas penggunaan ruang bawah tanah oleh PT Langgeng Ayomlestari kepada pihak lain. Hukum Tanah Nasional tidak mengatur secara tegas mengenai penguasaanruang bawah di tanah yang berdimensi tiga, sehingga pemberian ruang-ruang di bawah tanah Hak Pengelolaan untuk keperluan usaha tidak tepat. Dibutuhkan suatu lembaga hak baru yaitu Hak Guna Ruang Bawah Tanah dan Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun;The use of underground space as an alternative due to limited ground in large cities. This is the normative judicial research, eksplanatoris, and dataanalysis in qualitative. The utilization of underground space under the Blok M Terminal for the commercial use reviewed based on National Land Law, and the granting of the using underground space rights by Limited Liability Company Langgeng Ayomlestari to other parties. National Land Law does not regulate about the use of underground specifically, which is three dimensional so that the granting of the using underground below Hak Pengelolaan land for commercial use is inappropriate. Need specifically regulation to use basement, The use of underground space as an alternative due to limited ground inlarge cities. This is the normative judicial research, eksplanatoris, and dataanalysis in qualitative. The utilization of underground space under the Blok MTerminal for the commercial use reviewed based on National Land Law, and thegranting of the using underground space rights by Limitesd Liability CompanyLanggeng Ayomlestari to other parties. National Land Law does not regulateabout the use of underground specifically, which is three dimensional so that thegranting of the using underground below Hak Pengelolaan land for commercialuse is inappropriate. Need specifically regulation to use basement]"

"[Kegiatan ekonomi bawah tanah adalah masalah umum di setiap negara terlepas dari tingkat perkembangan ekonomi dari suatu negara, termasuk Indonesia. Kegiatan ini tidak dihitung dalam perhitungan PDB. Dengan demikian, hasil perhitungan PDB tersebut akan membuat bias kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia, karakteristiknya dan faktor penyebabnya. Penelitian ini juga akanmenguji hubungan antara ekonomi bawah tanah dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia serta pendapatan pemerintah dari sektor pajak. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ukuran ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia untuk periode 1999–2007 masih relatif tinggi yaitu sekitar 18% - 21% dari PDB. Akibatnya, kondisi ini akan memberikan dampak negatif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan juga mengurangi pendapatan pemerintah, terutama dari sektor perpajakan, hal ini akan membatasi kemampuan pemerintah dalam penyediaan barang publik kepadamasyarakat. Ada beberapa cara yang dapat ditempuh oleh pemerintah dalam mengurangi ekonomi bawah tanah, tetapi pemberantasn tingkat korupsi dan peningkatan kualitas pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat adalah langkah utama yang perlu diambil oleh pemerintah Indonesia;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every country regardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. These activities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of the underground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of its increasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among the underground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue. The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, the underground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reduce government revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’s ability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reduce the underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improving governance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government.;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every countryregardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. Theseactivities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of theunderground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of itsincreasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among theunderground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue.The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, theunderground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reducegovernment revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’sability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reducethe underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improvinggovernance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government, Underground economic activities are a common problem in every countryregardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. Theseactivities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of theunderground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of itsincreasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among theunderground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue.The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, theunderground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reducegovernment revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’sability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reducethe underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improvinggovernance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government]"

"ABSTRAKTidak bisa dipungkiri, bahwa faktanya kota teruslah berkembang. Populasi manusia selalu meningkat setiap harinya. Akibatnya, dengan lahan yang ada, kota harus dapat menampung kegiatan manusia didalamnya yang terus memiliki kebutuhan yang juga terus meningkat. Hal ini menimbulkan perkotaan haruslah memikirkan solusi yang tepat untuk permasalahan tersebut, salah satunya dengan pengembangan lahan secara vertikal.Skripsi ini membahas bagaimana bangunan bawah tanah dapat menjadi solusi bagi permasalahan perkotaan. Berbagai studi literatur akan menjelaskan bagaimana arsitektur bawah tanah terus berkembang, dan berbagai kota telah mengembangkan pembangunannya ke atas maupun ke bawah dengan berbagai pertimbangan. Pada akhirnya perkotaan yang memiliki kepadatan penduduk memerlukan pemisahan level dalam pembangunan kota tersebut. Kini bangunan bawah tanah di berbagai kota di dunia telah dimanfaatkan dan terus dikembangkan, yang mana telah menjadi salah satu solusi bagi perkembangan perkotaan padat di dunia.

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ABSTRACTIt is undeniable, in fact the city continues to grow. The human population is increasing every day. With the existing conditions, the city must be able to accommodate human activities within which continues to have a need that is also increasing. This creates the right solution to overcome it, wrong with the development of the land.This thesis discusses how underground buildings can be a solution to urban problems. Various literature studies will explain how underground architecture continues to evolve, and cities have evolved their development up and down with various considerations. In the end the urban population has a population density in the level of development of the city. Now underground buildings in various cities of the world have been exploited and continuously developed, which has become one of the solutions for the world 39 s dense urban development."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh underground economy terhadap hubungan antara FDI dengan Kualitas Insitusi pada negara berkembang di Asia. Penelitian menggunakan sampel dari 41 negara berkembang di Asia yang tercatat pada World Bank pada tahun 2009-2018. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah regresi panel dengan metode estimasi feasible generalized least square. Penelitian ini menemukan terdapatnya pengaruh negative dari adanya underground economy terhadap hubungan FDI dengan kualitas institusi. Semakin tingginya tingkat underground economy di suatu negara akan membuat koefisien/besaran hubungan positif antara FDI dengan kualitas institusi terus berkurang, bahkan dapat menimbulkan detrimental effect antara FDI dengan Kualitas Institusi pada level underground economy tertentu.

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This study aims to examine the influence of the underground economy on the relationship between FDI and Institutional Quality in developing countries in Asia. The study used samples from 41 developing countries in Asia recorded at the World Bank in 2009-2018. The research method used is panel regression with a feasible generalized least square estimation method. This study found that there is a negative effect of the existence of an underground economy on the relationship between FDI and institutional quality. The higher the level of the underground economy in a country, the coefficient/size of the positive relationship between FDI and the quality of institutions will continue to decrease, it can even cause a detrimental effect between FDI and the quality of institutions at a certain underground economy level."