Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Pada 3 September 2016, melalui executive agreement, Obama secara resmi meratifikasi Paris Agreement di tingkat domestik AS. Dalam beragam dokumen, retorika, dan analisis lembaga penelitian, hingga pejabat publik AS, keanggotaan Paris Agreement didasarkan pada tiga kepentingan; (1) tingginya kontribusi emisi global AS; (2) utilisasi mekanisme institusi bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi; dan (3) proaktivitas hegemon dalam menyediakan barang publik internasional sebagai stimulus stabilitas tatanan. Namun demikian, pada Juni 2017, Donald Trump memutuskan untuk menarik AS dari Paris Agreement, memutarbalikkan pendekatan aktif-pasif AS dalam isu diplomasi kebijakan iklim internasional. Maka dari itu, skripsi ini hadir untuk mempertanyakan mengapa AS (Trump) menarik diri dari Paris Agreement. Dengan menggunakan metode penelusuran proses kausal, penulis membangun kerangka analisis perubahan kebijakan luar negeri. Adapun alasan keputusan penarikan diri, yakni; perubahan posisi relatif internasional (distribusi kekuatan, dan stabilitas tatanan) AS yang mendorong pembaharuan pendekatan/strategi besar kebijakan luar negeri AS secara menyeluruh; kritik, dan advokasi sektor bisnis yang terdampak oleh regulasi lingkungan komplementer keanggotaan AS dalam Paris Agreement; minimnya tingkat institusionalisasi Paris Agreement di AS (minim check and balance bagi executive agreement); dan solusi figur perumus kebijakan anti-globalis terhadap perubahan (Trump), untuk mengurangi komitmen internasional AS.

---

On September 3, 2016, through an executive agreement, Obama officially ratified the Paris Agreement at the domestic level in the United States. Across diverse documents, rhetoric, and analyses from research institutions to U.S. public officials, the membership in the Paris Agreement was predicated upon three interests: (1) the high contribution of U.S. global emissions; (2) the utilization of institutional mechanisms for economic growth; and (3) the proactive role of the hegemon in providing international public goods as a stimulus for the stability of the order. Nevertheless, in June 2017, Donald Trump decided to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement, thereby reversing the active-passive approach of the U.S. in international climate policy diplomacy. Consequently, this thesis aims to inquire into why the U.S. (under Trump) withdrew from the Paris Agreement. Employing a method of causal process tracing, the author constructs an analytical framework for foreign policy change. The reasons for the withdrawal decision include changes in the relative international position (distribution of power and stability of the order) of the U.S., prompting a comprehensive renewal of the overall approach/strategy to U.S. foreign policy; critiques and advocacy from business sectors affected by complementary environmental regulations in the Paris Agreement; the limited institutionalization of the Paris Agreement in the U.S. (lacking checks and balances for executive agreements); and the anti-globalist policy maker's response to change (Trump), aiming to reduce U.S. international commitments."

"This book underscores the complexity of forecasting international politics and proceeds cautiously to investigate the questions of change and continuity, examining several actors with respect to multiple issues and across different levels of analysis. Taken as a whole, this collection of essays offers a series of snapshots of different aspects, and from varying angles, of an international system in motion."

"Hubungan Hukum Internasional dan ilmu Hubungan Internasional HI yang terdisintegrasi dalam waktu yang cukup lama mulai menunjukkan keterkaitan satu sama lain dalam mengkaji fenomena-fenomena hubungan internasional. Dinamika hubungan internasional kontemporer yang menunjukkan terproliferasinya berbagai kerangka formal atau hukum serta berbagai macam aktor yang aktif dalam mendorong pembentukan norma-norma baru melatarbelakangi munculnya pandangan-pandangan baru dari berbagai perspektif Ilmu HI mengenai fenomena tersebut. Tugas Karya Akhir TKA ini bertujuan untuk menemukan relevansi antara Hukum Internasional dan ilmu HI. TKA ini mengelompokkan literatur-literatur berdasarkan perspektif realisme, perspektif liberalisme, perspektif konstruktivisme, dan perspektif institusionalisme dengan menggunakan taksonomi sebagai metode. Perspektif realisme menekankan bahwa baik itu perumusan maupun penegakan hukum internasional tidak terlepas dari peran dan kepentingan negara. Sementara itu, dalam mengkaji hukum internasional, perspektif liberalisme lebih berfokus kepada proses yang terjadi dalam level domestik dan level sistem sehingga peran aktor-aktor domestik juga relevan. Perspektif konstruktivisme berfokus pada signifikansi norma dan agen-agennya dalam membentuk norma baru. Terakhir, perspektif institusionalisme lebih berfokus kepada pandangan yang fungsionalis mengenai signifikansi institusi dan kerangka hukum sebagai dasar untuk mewujudkan kepentingan negara sebagai aktor rasional. Berdasarkan kajian literatur tersebut, teridentifikasi bahwa kedua disiplin saling terkait secara substansial dan kontekstual. TKA ini menemukan bahwa perspektif konstruktivis merupakan perspektif HI yang membuka peluang untuk pengembangan kajian antardisiplin Hukum Internasional dan HI oleh karena kemampuannya dalam mengkaji signifikansi norma dalam hubungan internasional.

---

The relations between International Law and International Relations HI, which had been disintegrating for some time, have begun to show their linkages to study the phenomena of international relations. The dynamics of the contemporary international relations that signify the proliferation of various formal or legal frameworks as well as various actors who actively build the formation of new norms develop the emergence of new views from various perspectives of IR of the phenomenon. This paper aims to find the relevance between International Law and IR. This paper classifies the literatures based on realist, liberalist, constructivist, and institutionalist perspective by using taxonomy as method. Realism emphasizes that both law-making and law-enforcement can rsquo;t be separated from the role and the interest of state. Meanwhile, in examining international law, liberalism focuses more on the process occur both in domestic and system level so that the role of domestic actors are also significant. Constructivism focuses on the significance of norm and the agents in generating new norms. Lastly, institutionalism focuses on the functionalist view of the significance of institution and legal frameworks as the basis to manifest the interest of state as rational actor. Based on the literatures rsquo; substantial findings, it is identified that both discipline are interrelated both substantially and contextually. Hence, this paper argues that constructivist perspective reveals the opportunities for further development of an interdisciplinary study of International Law and IR due to its ability in explaining the significance of norms in international relations."

"AbstrakSeparation between military (tni) and police ( polri), both structure and roles, is perceived as a great achievement of military reform in Indonesia. such separation was nonexixtence during soeharto authoritarian regime as both of them were operated under angkatan bersenjata republik indonesia (abri) and shared the internal security role, including for handling domestic terrorism. following the reform, their roles have been redefined toward its original function in which polri manages internal security and tni handles defence matters. however the raise of domestic terrorism threat has triggered further discussion on who is responsible to handle terrorist threat. since it occured domestically, polri claimed that is their role in managing internal security. while the military also claimed that counter terrorism is also part of their role as mentioned under the task of military operation other that war. along with ambiguous approach of anti terrorism measures, it has brought tension for both institutions. thit paper aims to identify the political dynamics of tni polri relations in searching for counter terrorism authority"