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"This volume intends to summarize the most important changes in the Central European countries and their settlement network emphasizing the last 20 years since the collapse of the iron curtain."

"Pembangunan regional di masa sekarang tidak terlepas dari sejarah yang ada di belakangnya, termasuk pendudukan. Sampai sejauh mana pendudukan bangsa Eropa memiliki dampak jangka panjang terhadap pembangunan ekonomi masih menjadi perdebatan. Indonesia memiliki contoh yang unik dalam konteks negara yang mengalami pendudukan dalam jangka panjang oleh bangsa Eropa sementara dalam waktu yang bersamaan menghadapi variasi substantial pada pembangunan ekonomi regionalnya. Dalam studi ini, kami ingin melihat bagaimana pendudukan mampu andil dalam mempengaruhi dinamika pembangunan ekonomi regonal. Untuk melihat dampak kausal, kamu menggunakan variasi dari periode pendudukan di tingkat kabupaten/kota sebagai proksi dari dampak pendudukan terhadap institusi. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan instrumental variable IV, kami menemukan bahwa semakin lama periode pendudukan memiliki dampak yang positif, namun terbatas, terhadap PDRB per kapita. Selanjutnya, periode pendudukan juga memiliki asosiasi negatif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan. Kami juga menemukan dampak heterogen dari periode pendudukan di Pulau Jawa-Sumatera dan di luar dua pulau tersebut di Indonesia. Kami selanjutnya menduga bahwa mekanisme institusional mungkin terjadi melalui sektor pendidikan.

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Recent regional development is inseparable from the past events, including colonial rule. In what extent the experience of European settlement has had a long term impact on economic development is a topic that has generated considerable debate. Indonesia provides a unique example in the context that the country experienced long term European settlement while at the same time faces substantial variation in recent regional economic development. In this study, we examine in what extent the settlement contributes to the dynamics of the regional development. To settle the causal relationship, we exploit the variation of length of the settlement at district level as a proxy of the settlement influence level towards institution. Using instrumental variable IV approach, we find that longer period of settlement has positive, yet limited, association on GDRP per capita. In addition, the settlement also had a negative and significant impact on inequality. We also find heterogenous impact of the settlement between Java Sumatera and the rest of Indonesia. We further argue that institutional mechanism might work through education sector."

"Dalam jaringan interkoneksi Eropa, transisi energi telah memberikan tantangan besar di masa depan untuk sistem tenaga listrik. Meningkatnya jumlah transit daya besar dari turbin angin dan Photovoltaic (PV) harus ditangani. Sebagai keputusan untuk menghapus pembangkit listrik konvensional, seperti batu bara dan tenaga nuklir, generator sinkron dalam jaringan listrik dikurangi, yang bertanggung jawab atas stabilitas jaringan listrik yang saling terhubung dan cadangan sesaat. Namun demikian, pemisahan sistem atau system split adalah kasus bermasalah di mana jaringan yang saling terhubung membagi jaringan sinkron menjadi dua atau lebih sub-jaringan sinkron. Transfer daya yang terputus dapat menyebabkan frekuensi sistem jaringan naik atau turun dengan cepat di sub-jaringan tertentu. Akan ada risiko pemadaman listrik, jika tindakan penanggulangan yang tepat tidak dapat dilakukan tepat waktu. Baru-baru ini, European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-E) belum membuat spesifikasi untuk mencegah kasus perpecahan sistem seperti itu atau menjaganya pada tingkat yang dapat dikelola.Oleh karena itu, baru-baru ini ada dorongan untuk setidaknya menilai kekritisan perpecahan sistem masa lalu dalam jaringan interkoneksi Eropa. Penilaian perpecahan sistem di masa lalu, bagaimanapun, tidak menentukan seberapa besar kemungkinan perpecahan sistem dalam situasi tertentu. Tetapi penilaian setidaknya akan mengetahui seberapa terkendalinya kemungkinan perpecahan sistem yang masih dapat dikendalikan untuk interkoneksi dan apakah pemadaman sebagian atau seluruhnya dapat dihindari. Meskipun jaringan interkoneksi Eropa belum mengalami pemadaman total, kasus system split menjadi lebih umum. Tujuan dari tesis sarjana ini adalah untuk menyelidiki dan menilai secara kritis kasus-kasus system split di masa lalu pada jaringan interkoneksi Eropa dengan menggunakan metode penilaian yang diusulkan dari ENTSO-E. Kasus-kasus perpecahan sistem di masa lalu harus terlebih dahulu diteliti secara intensif untuk mengevaluasi apakah ada basis data yang cukup untuk evaluasi sesuai dengan metode yang diusulkan. Pada akhirnya, nilai Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) selama naik atau turunnya frekuensi dan titik frekuensi terendah atau tertinggi setelah system split terjadi.

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In the European interconnected grid, the energy transition has given major challenges in the future for electrical power systems. The increasing number of large power transits from wind turbines and Photovoltaic (PV) have to be handled. As a decision to phase out conventional power generation, such as coal and nuclear power, synchronous generators in the grid are being reduced, which were responsible for the stability of the interconnected grid and instantaneous reserve. Nevertheless, system split or system separation is a problematic case in which the interconnected grid splits a synchronous grid into two or more synchronous sub-grids. Interrupted power transfers can cause the grid's system frequency to rapidly climb or fall in specific subnetworks. There will be a risk of a blackout, if appropriate countermeasures are not able to be taken in time. Recently, the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-E) has not made specifications to prevent such system split cases or to keep them at a manageable level.Hence, there has been recently a push to at least assess the criticality of past system splits in the European interconnected grid. The assessment of past system splits, however, does not determine how likely a system split is in certain situations. But the assessment will at least know how controllable a possible system split remains manageable for the interconnection and whether a partial or complete blackout can be avoided. Although the European interconnected grid has yet to experience a complete blackout, system split cases are becoming more common. This purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate and assess the critically of the past system split cases in the European interconnected grid using the proposed assessment method from the ENTSO-E. The past system split cases must first be intensively researched in order to evaluate if there are sufficient data bases for the evaluation according to the proposed method. In the end, the value of the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) during the rise or fall of the frequency and lowest or highest frequency point after the system split happened."

"The article examines the current political development of the integration process of the EU. The author takes a closer look at the electoral voles of three very important EU members of the EU. The result of the EU referendum in three EU member countries shows a different opinion and ideology of the European citizen. Spain's weak and meek "yes" to the EU constitution obtained through a massive campaign by the political establishment and jointly by government and opposition alike. The result "no " in the Netherlands has shown signs nationalistic backlash towards EU constitution. A part from Holland social decline, the "no "from the left was this time based on the ELI lack of appeal. And the French "no" with high electoral participation was based on the excesses of the free market system within the EU constitution., necessarily implying a lessening of the French social welfare system, increased unemployment, and lowering of living standards. The author concludes with the questions: what the EU will be to the European Union? and where the process of the EU integration or disintegration will lead"