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"Skripsi ini membahas Artemis Accords sebagai kerangka hukum internasional baru yang mengatur eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya ruang angkasa. Artemis Accords bertujuan untuk menunjang kegiatan komersial sumber daya ruang angkasa berdasarkan Outer Space Treaty. Artemis Accords tidak menggunakan Moon Agreement sebagai dasar perjanjiannya karena Moon Agreement mengatur bahwa Bulan, benda-benda ruang angkasa lain, dan sumber daya di dalamnya merupakan common heritage of mankind (CHM) yang manfaatnya harus dibagi kepada seluruh umat manusia dan tidak ada negara manapun yang dapat melakukan apropriasi atas ruang angkasa, berbeda dengan Artemis Accords yang tidak mengatur hal tersebut. Sementara itu, Outer Space Treaty mengatur bahwa ruang angkasa bebas untuk diakses dan dimanfaatkan oleh semua negara selama berlandaskan kepentingan seluruh negara dan menjadi province of all mankind (POM). Berdasarkan hal tersebut, prinsip yang lebih baik untuk mengatur eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya ruang angkasa adalah prinsip CHM. Akan tetapi, apabila implementasi prinsip CHM di ruang angkasa dibandingkan dengan wilayah berstatus CHM lainnya, terlihat bahwa hukum ruang angkasa internasional belum mengatur secara spesifik mekanisme hukum eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya ruang angkasa serta pembagian manfaat yang adil untuk semua negara. Dalam hal ini, Artemis Accords juga belum mengatur mekanisme hukum yang jelas dalam eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya ruang angkasa dan tidak memandang ruang angkasa sebagai CHM, maka dari itu terdapat kemungkinan terjadinya eksploitasi berlebih oleh negara tertentu yang dapat merugikan keberlanjutan sumber daya ruang angkasa.

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This thesis discusses the Artemis Accords as a new international legal framework governing the exploration and exploitation of space resources. Artemis Accords aims to support commercial activities of space resources under the Outer Space Treaty. The Artemis Accords did not based its principles on the Moon Agreement because the Moon Agreement stipulates that the Moon, other celestial bodies, and its resources are the common heritage of mankind (CHM) which its benefits must be shared with all mankind and no other country can make appropriations over space, in contrast to the Artemis Accords which does not regulate this. Meanwhile, the Outer Space Treaty stipulates that outer space is free to be accessed and utilized by all countries as long as it is based on the interests of all countries and becomes a province of all mankind (POM). Based on this, a better principle for regulating the exploration and exploitation of space resources is the CHM principle. However, if the implementation of the CHM principle in space is compared with other CHM status areas, it appears that international space law has not specifically regulated the legal mechanism for the exploration and exploitation of space resources and equitable benefit sharing for all countries. In this case, the Artemis Accords also has not regulated a clear legal mechanism in the exploration and exploitation of space resources and does not view space as a CHM, therefore there is a possibility of overexploitation by certain countries which can harm the sustainability of space resources."

"This text covers the history and development of air and space law: their interrelationships; their relationships with the law of the seas and the law of Antarctica; institutions working in the field of air and space law; sovereignty in national airspace; freedom of exploration and use of outer space; public international air law; penal air law; private international air law, especially liability law; and public and private space law. Much attention is devoted to the law of air commerce: bilateral air services agreements; inter-airline co-operation; the effects of competition, antitrust and European Union law; deregulation, privatisation and commercialisation of air transport; ownership and control of airlines, and airline alliances; multilateralisation of air transport; and congestion and environmental controls. The last chapter of the book briefly deals with the legal aspects of commercial outer space applications. Increasingly, air transport, both in fact and in law, is becoming an ordinary industry like any other and is being treated as such. Rapidly, commercial outer space activities are being privatised and commercialised"

"This text covers the history and development of air and space law: their interrelationships; their relationships with the law of the seas and the law of Antarctica; institutions working in the field of air and space law; sovereignty in national airspace; freedom of exploration and use of outer space; public international air law; penal air law; private international air law, especially liability law; and public and private space law. Much attention is devoted to the law of air commerce: bilateral air services agreements; inter-airline co-operation; the effects of competition, antitrust and European Union law; deregulation, privatisation and commercialisation of air transport; ownership and control of airlines, and airline alliances; multilateralisation of air transport; and congestion and environmental controls. The last chapter of the book briefly deals with the legal aspects of commercial outer space applications. Increasingly, air transport, both in fact and in law, is becoming an ordinary industry like any other and is being treated as such. Rapidly, commercial outer space activities are being privatised and commercialised"

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai konsep tanggung jawab dalam rezim hukum angkasa. Secara spesifik membahas konsep fault liability yang diatur dalam Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 1972, dan penunjukan tanggung jawab negara dalam hal sebuah benda angkasa diluncurkan oleh badan hukum privatnya sesuai dengan Outer Space Treaty 1967. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi kasus tabrakan antara Cosmos 2251 dengan Iridium 33, sebagai kasus tabrakan besar pertama yang terjadi di ruang angkasa. Meskipun klaim atas kasus ini tidak pernah diajukan, namun para ahli hukum ruang angkasa banyak yang mengemukakan pendapat dan berdiskusi mengenai penerapan Liability Convention 1972 dan Outer Space Treaty 1967 terhadap kasus ini. Karenanya, analisis akan didasarkan pada konvensi dan pendapat para ahli atas kasus ini. Metode pendekatan kualitatif digunakan untuk mengumpulkan bahan-bahan dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini berusaha menjabarkan unsur kesalahan dari kedua belah pihak dan kontribusinya terhadap terjadinya tabrakan, seolah-olah setiap pihak merupakan negara penggugat dalam kasus ini.

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This thesis studies the concept of liability under the regime of space law, specifically the concept of fault liability under Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 1972, and the attribulity of a State in the event where a space object is launched by its private entity under Outer Space Treaty 1967. The analysis will be conducted with regard to the case of Cosmos 2251 - Iridium 33, as it was the first major collision occurred in the outer space. Despite the fact that there is no claim arises in this case, many scholars have discussed about the applicability of Liability Convention 1972 and Outer Space Treaty 1967 in this case. Hence, the analysis is based on the Conventions and scholars? opinion regarding the mentioned case. Qualitative approach is used to gather recourses in writing this thesis. In conclusion, this thesis attempts to elaborate the faults of both States and their contribution to the collision, as if each State would be the Claimant State in this case."