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"Mechanics, models and methods in civil engineering? collects leading papers dealing with actual civil engineering problems. Creating new predictive theories, enhancing clarity in understanding, and improving effectiveness in applications. "

"Surface dressing has been a popular maintenance alternative for many years. The inservice performance of surface dressing relates to balancing properties such as skid resistance against changes in time as the aggregate particles embed into the underlying road and react to trafficking. This paper summaries the development of predictive laboratory methods to better understand the inter-relationships between embedment and how performance characteristics such discussed. The findings of this laboratory based research appear to rank materials according to their in-service performance and should result in more sustainable use of limited high quality materials for road maintenance and construction purposes. "

"ABSTRAKThe use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the seismic retrofit of columns and piers, flexural strengthening of beams and girders, and strengthening of slabs has been fairly well established on a structural basis. However, aspects related to materials selection and use, design detailing, fracture and failure mechanisms, and durability are still not well understood. The functional efficiency of the rehabilitated structure is largely dependent on materials-related issues, which are highlighted in this paper, emphasizing effects pertaining to constituent materials, interfaces, and overall systems response. Major implications of processing and fabrication schemes are highlighted focusing on materials use efficiency, potential of defect formation, and effects on durability. Examples of the importance of detailing are shown, and design guidelines pertaining to materials are discussed."

"Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) adalah pendekatan sistematis untuk mengembangkan perangkat lunak dari sekumpulan produk perangkat lunak yang dapat digunakan ulang, yang disebut sebagai Software Product Line (SPL). Pengembangan perangkat lunak dengan metode tersebut memiliki banyak manfaat seperti berkurangnya waktu dan biaya untuk membuat produk perangkat lunak. Salah satu web framework yang mendukung pengembangan perangkat lunak menggunakan SPLE adalah WinVMJ. WinVMJ dirancang berdasarkan pendekatan variability module for java (VMJ) dan delta-oriented programming (DOP). WinVMJ menggunakan decorator pattern dan factory pattern untuk mengimplementasikan pendekatan DOP. WinVMJ juga menggunakan Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) Hibernate untuk memetakan objek ke dalam database. Namun ORM Hibernate dibangun untuk mendukung pemetaan inheritance, yaitu konsep sifat pewarisan behavior suatu objek ke subclass-nya. WinVMJ menggunakan decorator pattern sebagai design pattern, di mana suatu behavior objek dapat ditambahkan ke dalam objek yang sudah ada. Penggunaan decorator pattern ini menyebabkan beberapa masalah ketika memetakan objek WinVMJ ke dalam database. Untuk mengatasi ini, diperlukan desain strategi pemetaan yang baru agar objek dapat dipetakan dengan lebih baik ke dalam database. Proses perubahan dimulai dengan memilih desain strategi pemetaan yang cocok untuk memetakan objek WinVMJ yang dibuat dengan decorator pattern. Selanjutnya, desain strategi tersebut diimplementasikan dengan mengubah domain layer WinVMJ. Setelah itu, dilakukan percobaan menggunakan middleware untuk memetakan objek ke dalam database. WinVMJ yang sudah diubah diuji dengan mengimplementasikannya ke aplikasi yang sudah ada dan menggunakan unit test untuk memeriksa objek yang dihasilkan termasuk menguji operasi create, read, update, dan delete (CRUD). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa WinVMJ dapat memetakan objek ke dalam database dengan baik.

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Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) presents a structured methodology for creating software systems through reusable software products referred to as the Software Product Line (SPL). By adopting this approach, software development yields numerous advantages, including decreased time and costs involved in generating novel software products. One web framework that supports SPLE-based software development is WinVMJ, which builds upon the Variability Module for Java (VMJ) technique and delta-oriented programming (DOP). WinVMJ employs the decorator pattern and factory pattern to implement DOP. This design pattern, decorator pattern, permits the addition of behaviors to existing objects, contributing to WinVMJ's unique functionality. However, incorporating the Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) Hibernate into WinVMJ's architecture, a method for mapping objects to a database, presents a challenge due to Hibernate's orientation towards supporting inheritance mapping—where an object inherits traits from its superclass. Recognizing this challenge, a fresh mapping strategy is deemed necessary to achieve more effective object-to-database mapping in WinVMJ. The change process commences with selecting an appropriate mapping strategy for WinVMJ objects generated using the decorator pattern. Subsequently, the chosen mapping strategy is implemented by modifying WinVMJ's domain layer source code. Middleware is then employed to experiment with mapping objects to the database. The modified WinVMJ is rigorously tested by integrating it into existing applications and subjecting it to unit tests, which observe the behavior of the obtained objects. The testing procedure encompasses create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) operations, ensuring comprehensive evaluation. Remarkably, WinVMJ demonstrates successful object-to-database mapping capabilities.

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