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"Perdagangan adalah kegiatan penting yang stabilitasnya dipengaruhi oleh komoditas yang diperjual-belikan. Sejak masuknya teh Cina ke Inggris，dibawa oleh pedagang Belanda ke Eropa, teh Cina perlahan menjadi komoditas yang sangat penting di Inggris. Karena kondisi sosial dan ekonomi di Inggris serta kebijakan perdagangan Tiongkok, teh Cina menjadi komoditas yang sangat diminati Inggris yang juga menghadapi berbagai kesulitan untuk memenuhi permintaan teh masyarakatnya. Kerajaan Inggris pun mulai mencari cara untuk mempertahankan perdagangan teh dengan menanam opium di India dalam jumlah besar dan menjual opium tersebut ke Tiongkok. Penggunaan opium di Tiongkok kemudian perlahan memengaruhi masyarakat dan juga pemerintah kedinastian secara negatif. Dampak negatif ini memaksa Tiongkok, yang saat itu dikuasai oleh Dinasti Qing, untuk mencoba berbagai cara untuk menghentikan perdagangan opium yang pada akhirnya memicu peperangan antara Tiongkok dan Inggris. Penelitian ini menganalisis sejauh mana teh Cina memengaruhi terjadinya Perang Opium I di Tiongkok (1839-1842). Maka tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui apa yang disebut dengan teh Cina, bagaimana proses masuk dan berkembangnya teh di Inggris, serta sampai sejauh mana pengaruh teh Cina terhadap pecahnya Perang Opium I di Tiongkok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teh Cina memang memengaruhi terjadinya Perang Opium I. Penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dan mengolah data dengan teknik deskriptif analisis serta pendekatan historis.

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Trade is an important activity whose stability is affected by the traded goods. Since Chinese tea was introduced to the English market, brought by the Dutch to Europe, it has slowly established itself as an important commodity in England. Due to social and economic condition in England and the Chinese governments` trading policy, tea became a highly sought after commodity for England which was facing some difficulties to fulfil its` people demand for tea. The English government then began to look for ways to maintain tea trade with the Chinese by planting opium in India in massive quantity and selling it to them. The use of opium then slowly affects parts of the Chinese society and imperial government in a negative sense. This negative impact forced China, which was then ruled by the Qing Dynasty, tried various ways to stop the opium trades which at the end ignited a war between China and England. This study tries to analyze how deeply Chinese tea affects the Opium War I in China (1839-1842). The purpose of this study is to understand what is classified as Chinese tea, how it entered and developed in England, and analyze to what extent it affects the Opium War I in China. This study shows that Chinese tea did help incite the Opium War I. Methods used in this study includes qualitative methods, descriptive analysis techniques in data processing, and analysis through a historical approach."

"Road Funds, financed from user charges; have been practiced in many countries in securing morereliable funding for rock The idea of an of budget source of funding is appealing. But they are mosteffective where they form part of a broader strategy to manage roads in a more business-like way on afee-for-service basis: the link between user charges - tariffs for road use ~ and road expenditures,reinforced by user participation in their oversight creates a sense of ownership and puts pressure onroad agencies for greater transparency, accountability, and efficiency. This is in tune with Indonesia 'smoves towards better governance and democratic accountability under decentralization. This paperdiscusses the paradigm shifts that are now taking place and considers them as the rationales behind theattempt to establish a road fund in Indonesia."