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"ABSTRAKThis paper reviews the making of singapore's ethnic conflicts during the 1950s and 1960s, the rise of opposition forces during 1980s, the theory asserting that the group representation constituency has helped the minority groups enter the parliament, and contemporary ethnic concerns in 2017 presidential election. the authors argue that singapore's ceaseless memory of conflicting ethnic relations is the product of political management. the singapore government therefore creates an electoral system that ensures minority representations in politics, but is in fact favorable to the ruling party and its political elites from the majority group. as a result, the ruling party consolidates its power by strengthening negative stereotypes of the minority, and continues to reproduces ethnic disharmony"

"The National Wages Council (NWC) was the orchestra of Singapore’s wage policy in the 1970s and 1980s. Our paper explores two key episodes in its history: its formation in February 1972 and its adoption of a high wage policy between 1979 and 1981 as part of Singapore’s economic restructuring. We were able to draw upon partially declassified government records held at the National Archives of Singapore. Yet these records are incomplete and lacking in certain aspects as archival sources. We complemented them with other archival and published sources, including the oral history and writings of the NWC’s longtime chairman, Lim Chong Yah. Our research urged us to conceptualize a pair of ideas, “semi-archives” and “interim archives,” acknowledging the partiality of both archival and published sources in Singapore. The history of the NWC suggests a rethinking of the centrality of the documentary archive in the Western academic tradition. In Asian contexts like Singapore, a multi-archival approach is necessary for the writing of recent history. Singapore historians can work both modestly and imaginatively with a wider range of available historical sources, including archival, oral, and published sources."