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"The discovery of “linguistic universals”, the properties that all languages havein common, is a fundamental goal of linguistic research. Linguists face the task of accounting for why languages, which apparently differ so greatly fromone another on the surface, display striking similarities in their underlyingstructure. This volume brings together a team of leading experts to show howdifferent linguistic theories have approached this challenge. Drawing on workfrom both formal and functional perspectives, it provides a comprehensiveoverview of the most notable work on linguistic universals, with chapterson syntax, semantics, phonology, morphology, and typology, and explores arange of central issues, such as the relationship between linguistic universalsand the language faculty, and what linguistic universals can tell us about ourbiological make-up and cognitive abilities. Clear, succinct, and fully up-todate,it will be invaluable to anyone seeking a greater understanding of thephenomenon that is human language."

"Kontranim merupakan fenomena kebahasaan yang terjadi pada unsur bahasa yang memiliki makna lebih dari satu dan di antara makna tersebut terdapat makna yang saling berkebalikan. Fenomena bahasa ini tidak banyak diketahui oleh masyarakat sehingga timbul berbagai diskusi atau keheranan masyarakat mengenai kata-kata yang mungkin menjadi kontranim dalam bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian mengenai kontranim, terutama dalam bahasa Indonesia, juga tidak banyak dilakukan. Akan tetapi, terdapat beberapa penelitian berbasis korpus dalam bahasa asing yang menunjukkan jenis-jenis kontranim dan penggunaan kontranim dalam kalimat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini berfokus pada penggunaan kata kontranim bahasa Indonesia dalam kalimat berdasarkan lingkungan dan makna kata kontranim, serta konteks yang terbentuk dalam kalimat. Tujuan adalah menjelaskan penggunaan dan perwujudan kontranim dalam kalimat dan menjelaskan penentuan kata kontranim. Dalam penelitian ini, metode yang akan digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif berbasis korpus linguistik. Penelitian mengenai kontranim berbasis korpus ini menggunakan Leipzig Corpora dan Twitter sebagai sumber data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kata kontranim dapat dilihat dari berbagai aspek, seperti makna dalam kalimat, lingkungan kata, dan juga konteks yang terbentuk dalam kalimat. Selain itu, penggunaan kata kontranim juga bergantung pada penggunaan makna kata kontranim itu sendiri. Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat kecenderungan munculnya kata-kata yang serupa dengan kontranim, tetapi nyatanya bukan merupakan kontranim.

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Contranym is a language phenomenon that occurs in language features with multiple meanings and amongst them are contrary meanings. This phenomenon is not publicly known and has raised various discussions and curiosity regarding possible Indonesia contranym words. Research on contranym, especially in Indonesian, has not been conducted much. However, there are several corpus-based studies in languages other than Indonesian that showed types of contranym and the usage of contranym within sentences. Therefore, this research is conducted with the focus on the use of Indonesian contranyms in sentences based on their environment, senses, and context formed in the sentence. The purposes of the research is to describe the usage and embodiment of contranym in sentences and to describe the determination of contranym. This research will be conducted with the method of descriptive qualitative analysis based on the linguistic corpus. The data source for this research will be taken from Leipzig Corpora and Twitter. The findings of this research suggest the usage of contranyms can be seen from various aspects, such as the sentence’s meaning, the environment of the word, and the context formed in the sentence. Moreover, the use of contranym words depends on its senses. This study also shows a tendency of the emergence of words that are similar to contranym, but it is not a contranym."

"Sign languages are of great interest to linguists, because, although they are the product of the same brain, their physical transmission differs greatly from that of spoken languages. In this pioneering and original study, Wendy Sandler and Diane Lillo-Martin compare sign languages with spoken languages, in order to seek the universal properties they share. Drawing on general linguistic theory, they describe and analyze sign language structure, showing linguistic universals in the phonology, morphology, and syntax of sign language, while also revealing non-universal aspects of its structure that must be attributed to its physical transmission system. No prior background in sign language linguistics is assumed, and numerous pictures are provided to make descriptions of signs and facial expressions accessible to readers. Engaging and informative."