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"Teknologi pada era industri 4.0 menuntut kebutuhan akan perangkat teknologi yang semakin canggih namun dengan berat yang semakin ringan dan ukuran yang lebih kecil. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, proses manufaktur berkembang kearah pembuatan komponen elektronik mikro yang diproduksi dengan teknik fabrikasi mikro (Microforming). Komponen dalam proses microforming yang paling berpengaruh yaitu cetakan (dies), dimana gesekan antarmuka antara permukaan cetakan dengan benda kerja dapat berpengaruh terhadap hasil produk akhir serta dapat memperpendek umur pakai cetakan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini dapat diberikan pelapisan permukaan cetakan dengan diamond-like carbon (DLC). Studi literatur ini mempelajari pelapisan DLC pada permukaan cetakan microforming dengan membandingkan data penelitian terhadap koefisien friksi dan laju keausan. Hasil perbandingan pelapisan DLC dengan teknik physical vapour deposition (PVD) pada permukaan cetakan baja AISI D2 menghasilkan pengurangan nilai koefisien friksi hingga 50% dan penurunan laju keausan sebesar 2-6 kali lipat lebih kecil. Variasi penambahan gas Ne ke dalam gas Ar pada proses pelapisan DLC menghasilkan pengurangan koefisien friksi beserta laju keausan. Ketahanan aus lapisan DLC menunjukkan nilai koefisien friksi dan laju keausan terendah bila dibandingkan lapisan tahan aus lain.

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Technology in the industrial era 4.0 demands the need for increasingly sophisticated technological devices but with lighter weight and smaller sizes. To meet these needs, the manufacturing process has been developing towards the manufacture of micro-electronic components which are manufactured using micro fabrication techniques (Microforming). The component in microforming process that has the most influence is the die, where the interface friction between the surface of the die and the workpiece can affect the final product and shorten the life cycle of the die. In this literature review, the DLC coating on the surface of the microforming die will be studied by comparing research data on the friction coefficient and wear rate. The comparison results of DLC coating with physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques on the die surface, namely AISI D2 steel, have shown a reduction in the friction coefficient value of up to 50% and a decrease in wear rate of 2-6 times smaller. Then the variation with the addition of Ne gas into Ar gas in the DLC coating process obtained a reduction in the friction coefficient along with the wear rate. Finally, the wear resistance of the DLC coating is compared with other wear-resistant coatings, the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate were found in the DLC coating when compared to others."

"Tribology of polymeric nanocomposites provides a comprehensive description of polymeric nanocomposites, both as bulk materials and as thin surface coatings, and provides rare, focused coverage of their tribological behavior and potential use in tribological applications.Providing engineers and designers with the preparation techniques, friction and wear mechanisms, property information and evaluation methodology needed to select the right polymeric nanocomposites for the job, this unique book also includes valuable real-world examples of polymeric nanocomposites in action in tribological applications."

"Timbunan bertiang merupakan salah satu metode dalam meningkatkan daya dukung tanah lunak ketika dilakukan pekerjaan penimbunan, dimana tanah dasar diberikan perkuatan berupa pondasi tiang. Adapun dengan adanya perkuatan pada tanah lunak ini ternyata dapat mengurangi penurunan yang terjadi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya mekanisme arching effect yang menyebabkan sebagian beban timbunan ditransfer ke pondasi tiang, sehingga tanah lunak mengalami reduksi beban. Penelitian ini merupakan turunan dari penelitian timbunan bertiang, dimana pada penelitian ini akan dianalisis perbedaan antara pondasi tiang yang menggunakan gesekan antara pondasi tiang dan tanah (friction piles) dengan pondasi tiang dengan menggunakan tahanan ujung (end bearing piles), dimana digunakan Program Plaxis 3D Foundation dalam permodelannya. Selain itu, studi ini juga memvariasikan ketinggian timbunan, jarak antar tiang, kekakuan aksial lapisan geosintetik, dan juga susunan pondasi tiang sehingga dapat terlihat pengaruhnya terhadap sistem timbunan bertiang ini. Bahasan dalam penelitian ini mencakup penurunan dan juga prilaku konsentrasi tegangan yang terjadi pada timbunan bertiang, serta pengaruhnya terhadap gaya tarik geosintetik yang terjadi pada pondasi tiang.

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Piled embankment is one of the methods to improve soft soil’s bearing capacity when the embankment construction is done, in which the base soil is given piles as the support. With piles support the soft soil, the settlement of the embankment can be reduced. This is because of the arching effect mechanism which causes some of the loads of the embankment are transfered through the piles, so that the load working on soft soil is reduced. This study is a derivative of piled embankment case study, where this study will analyze the differences of behaviour between the friction piles system and end bearing piles system using Plaxis 3D Foundation for modeling the case. Besides that, this study is also varying the height of embankment, the spacing between piles, the axial stiffness of geosynthetic layer, and the arrangement of piles so that the affection against piled embankment system could be concluded. The discussion of this research concludes the settlements and also the stress concentration behaviour, and also the axial force of geosynthetic layer that occurs in the piled embankment system."

"Text on wear prognosis technology, the diagnosing of the cause of wear and tear and the prescription of a preventative measure. Addresses industry queries pertaining to wear prognosis and provides a proper environments and techniques to reduce specific types of wear and tear through modification of surface properties. DLC: Surfaces--Technology."

"Engineers are faced with a bewildering array of choices when selecting a surface treatment for a specific corrosion or wear application. This book provides practical information to help them select the best possible treatment. An entire chapter is devoted to process comparisons, and dozens of useful tables and figures compare surface treatment thickness and hardness ranges; abrasion and corrosion resistance; processing time, temperature, and pressure; costs; distortion tendencies; and other critical process factors and coating characteristics. The chapter 'Practical Guidelines for Surface Engineering' describes hands-on approaches for matching surface treatments with design and performance requirements. The book includes the content from an Institute of Materials design guide publication, combined with information from several ASM Handbook volumes and other ASM and industry sources. All the material has been carefully organized, edited, and rewritten as needed to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date, and user-friendly guide to the subject. "

"Friksi yang tidak dikendalikan pada mesin dapat mengakibatkan keausan yang tinggi, menyebabkan maintenance yang sering, dan membuat umur pendek serta memiliki efisiensi energi yang rendah. Lubrikasi merupakan solusi untuk masalah ini dengan membentuk lapisan pelumas yang mencegah kontak langsung antara permukaan material, mengurangi gesekan dan keausan pada mesin. Material nanopartikel timah oksida dan graphene digunakan sebagai aditif pada lubrikan PAO karena masing-masing material sudah menunjukkan performa yang baik dalam menurunkan coefficient of friction (COF) dan wear scar dimension (WSD) pada minyak PAO. Selain itu usaha pemanfaatan SnO2 dilakukan guna memaksimalkan hilirasi tambang dan industri timah dengan usaha pengolahan limbah solder dross. Sintesis SnO₂ dilakukan dari limbah solder dross menggunakan metode leaching dengan asam nitrat berkonsentrasi 68%. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan kemurnian SnO₂ sebesar 98.4%. Karakterisasi XRD mengindikasikan fase kristal rutile dengan ukuran kristal sekitar 21.7 nm. SEM-EDS mengungkapkan partikel SnO₂ berukuran rata-rata 198.5 nm² yang cenderung beraglomerasi. Graphene yang digunakan menunjukkan kemurnian tinggi dengan kandungan karbon 99.4% berdasarkan berat. Pengujian HFRR dilakukan untuk menilai kinerja tribologi dari berbagai sampel pelumas. Penambahan 0.05 wt% graphene dan variasi konsentrasi SnO₂ (1 wt%, 3 wt%, dan 5 wt%) secara signifikan menurunkan COF dan WSD dibandingkan dengan PAO murni. Penambahan 1 wt% SnO₂ dan 0.05 wt% graphene memberikan hasil paling optimal dengan penurunan COF sebesar 44.59% dan WSD sebesar 71.53% dibandingkan PAO murni.

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Uncontrolled friction in machinery can lead to high wear, frequent maintenance, short lifespan, and low energy efficiency. Lubrication addresses these issues by forming a lubricating layer that prevents direct contact between material surfaces, reducing friction and wear. Tin oxide nanoparticles and graphene are used as additives in PAO lubricants due to their proven performance in reducing the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar dimension (WSD) in PAO oil. Additionally, the utilization of SnO₂ aims to optimize downstream mining and the tin industry by processing solder dross waste. SnO₂ was synthesized from solder dross waste using a leaching method with 68% nitric acid. The synthesis resulted in SnO₂ with a purity of 98.4%. XRD characterization indicated a rutile crystal phase with a crystal size of approximately 21.7 nm. SEM-EDS revealed SnO₂ particles with an average size of 198.5 nm², which tended to agglomerate. The graphene used exhibited high purity with a carbon content of 99.4% by weight. HFRR testing was conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of various lubricant samples. The addition of 0.05 wt% graphene and varying concentrations of SnO₂ (1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%) significantly reduced COF and WSD compared to pure PAO. The optimal results were achieved with the addition of 1 wt% SnO₂ and 0.05 wt% graphene, resulting in a 44.59% reduction in COF and a 71.53% reduction in WSD compared to pure PAO."