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"This book presents a wealth of images of shock wave phenomena, gathered by the author over the past 40 years. Shadowgrams and interferograms of basic shock-dynamic topics such as reflection, diffraction, refraction, and focusing of shock waves in gases and liquids are sequentially displayed. Though the images themselves are self-explanatory, brief explanations of the experimental conditions are included, so as to facilitate analysis and numerical reproduction of the image data.In addition, the book presents interferometric observations of underwater shock wave/bubble interactions, and highlights the multifaceted applications of shock wave phenomena to medicine and industry. Given its scope, the book offers a unique resource for students and researchers who are interested in shock wave phenomena. However, the content has also been specifically prepared for the benefit of readers who are interested in gas dynamics and medical applications of shock waves, and are looking for reliable experimental images."

"This book, is primarily concerned with the fundamental theory of detonation physics in gaseous and condensed phase reactive media. The detonation process involves complex chemical reaction and fluid dynamics, accompanied by intricate effects of heat, light, electricity and magnetism - a contemporary research field that has found wide applications in propulsion and power, hazard prevention as well as military engineering."

"Manuver u-turn oleh kendaraan berat memiliki waktu tempuh serta dampak terhadap lalu lintas berbeda dengan manuver u-turn oleh kendaraan ringan disebabkan perbedaan karakteristik antara kedua tipe kendaraan tersebut, sehingga analisis mengenai dampak manuver u-turn oleh kendaraan berat secara spesifik diperlukan. Teori shock wave dipilih sebagai pendekatan analisis pada penelitian ini karena dianggap lebih cocok digunakan untuk menganalisis dampak manuver u-turn pada jalan dengan lalu lintas kendaraan berat yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan pendekatan lain seperti tundaan dan tingkat layanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis panjang antrian akibat manuver u-turn kendaraan berat pada jalur asal serta pada jalur tujuan kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn untuk berbagai kondisi komposisi kendaraan berat dan rasio kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn terhadap seluruh kendaraan berat yang melintas pada jalur asal kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn.Dalam metodologi penelitian ini, data panjang antrian diperoleh dari hasil simulasi lalu lintas mikroskopik menggunakan VISSIM, di mana model lalu lintas mikroskopik yang digunakan pada simulasi dikalibrasi serta divalidasi menggunakan data lapangan yang didapatkan dari survei di salah satu bukaan median Jalan Marunda Bidara, Jakarta Utara. Berdasarkan tujuan penelitian, variabel bebas, terikat, dan terkontrol yang digunakan yaitu komposisi kendaraan berat (%KB), panjang antrian, serta arus kendaraan dari hulu yang melintas dalam skr dan rasio jumlah kendaraan berat yang melakukan manuver u-turn terhadap jumlah seluruh kendaraan berat yang melintas pada jalur asal kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn (%KB u-turn) secara berturut-turut.Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa di bukaan median yang lalu lintas u-turn kendaraannya didominasi oleh kendaraan berat, pada jalur asal kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn, apabila komposisi arus kendaraan berat dan rasio jumlah kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn terhadap jumlah seluruh kendaraan berat yang melintas pada jalur tersebut diketahui, maka panjang antrian dapat dirumuskan dengan model linier. Sedangkan pada jalur tujuan kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn, panjang antrian tidak dapat dirumuskan berdasarkan komposisi arus kendaraan berat dan rasio jumlah kendaraan berat yang melakukan u-turn terhadap jumlah seluruh kendaraan berat yang melintas pada jalur asal kendaraan yang melakukan u-turn.

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U-turn manuvers by heavy vehicles have travel times and effects towards traffic that differ from that of light vehicles due to the differences in the characterstics of the two vehicle types, therefore an analysis on the effects of u-turn manuvers by heavy vehicles specifically is deemed necessary. Shock wave theory has been chosen as the approach for analysis in this study due to it being considered more suitable for analyzing the impact of u-turn maneuvers on roads with high heavy vehicle traffic compared to other approaches such as delay and level of service. The purpose of this study is to analyze the lengths of queues caused by heavy vehicle u-turn manuvers on the u-turning heavy vehicles’ initial and final carriageways for various heavy vehicle compositions and ratios of u-turing heavy vehicles to total heavy vehicles passing through the initial carraigeway.

In the methodology of this study, queue length data is obtained from the results of microscopic traffic simulation using VISSIM, where the microscopic traffic model used for simulations is calibrated and validated using field data from one of the median openings on Jalan Marunda Bidara, North Jakarta. Based on the purpose of the study, the free, bound, and control variables used are heavy vehicle composition (%KB), queue length, and upstream traffic volume in pcu along with the ratio of u-turning heavy vehicles to total heavy vehicles passing through the u-turning heavy vehicles’ initial carriageway (%KB u-turn), respectively.

Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that, on median openings where the u-turn traffic is dominated by heavy vehicles, on the initial carriageway of u-turning heavy vehicles, if the heavy vehicle composition and the ratio of u-turning heavy vehicles to total heavy vehicles passing through the carriageway are known, the queue length can be formulated with a linear model. Whereas on the final carriageway of u-turning heavy vehicles, the queue length cannot be formulated based on heavy vehicle composition and ratio of u-turning heavy vehicles to total heavy vehicles passing through the carriageway"

"Penelitian fundamental gelombang kejut menggunakan shock tube untuk mempelajari gelombang kejut dan efek gelombang kejut untuk aplikasi tertentu telah banyak dilakukan. Shock tube mampu menghasilkan permukaan gelombang kejut yang dapat dikendalikan sehingga dimungkinkan untuk menganalisa energi gelombang kejut yang timbul dengan bermacam metode. Dalam penelitian ini gelombang kejut dihasilkan dari shock tube dengan memanfaatkan udara terkompresi kemudian karakter kekuatan gelombang kejut yang dihasilkan akan diukur menggunakan sensor tekanan dan strain gage yang dipasang pada spesimen pelat yang diletakkan di ujung tabung.

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Shock-tube-generated shock wave has been widely used in many fundamental researches to study shock wave and/or shock wave effect to specific application. A shock tube can generate a controllable shock wave with a planar shock wave thus it is possible to evaluate various energies by shock tube experiment. Within this experimental study shock wave to be generated using compressed-air and its character to be measured by using pressure gages within tube wall and strain gages installed on thin-plate which is assembled at outlet of shock tube."

"The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments."

"Flashback adalah fenomena api dimana nyala api tersebut merambat masuk atau penetrasi ke dalam tabung atau depth of flame?s penetration. Ada banyak parameter yang bisa diamati di dalam fenomena flashback antara lain campuran udara dan bahan bakar, posisi saluran bahan bakar terhadap dasar ruang bakar, serta faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi sehingga menghasilkan fenomena flashback ini. Khusus untuk penelitian ini, akan dilihat bagaimana fenomena flashback terjadi ketika di mulut saluran bahan bakar gas dipasang sebuah flame holder karena jika tidak dipasang sebuah flame holder, api hanya berada di ujung ruang bakar jet. Sedangkan jika dipasang flame holder, maka api akan masuk ke dalam ruang bakar dan bertahan di flame holder itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu bisa terlihat nilai campuran bahan bakar dan udara yang tepat serta posisi flame holder sehingga semakin cepat terjadinya flashback.Dari hasil eksperimen didapatkan hasil bahwa awalnya api berada di di ujung mulut ruang bakar, dimana tinggi api mengalami kenaikan sampai aliran udara tertentu yang kemudian menurun hingga akhirnya terjadi flashback jika aliran udara semakin ditambahkan. Hasil lainnya menunjukkan semakin aliran gas yang digunakan semakin meningkat maka aliran udara yang dibutuhkan pun semakin meningkat agar fenomena flashback terjadi. Dan ternyata posisi flame holder juga mempengaruhi campuran udara dan bahan bakar (AFR) sehingga terjadi flashback. Semakin jauh posisi flame holder dari dasar ruang bakar maka semakin kecil rasio campuran udara dan bahan bakar (AFR) yang dibutuhkan untuk flashback.

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Flashback is a phenomenon in which the flame of the flame propagates entry or penetration into the tube or flame 's depth of penetration . There are many parameters that can be observed in the flashback phenomenon , among others, a mixture of air and fuel , the position of the fuel line to the base of the combustion chamber , as well as other factors that affect the resulting flashback phenomenon. Specifically for this study , will be seen how the flashback phenomenon occurs when the fuel line at the mouth of a flame holder mounted gas because if not installed a flame holder , just flame at the end of the combustion chamber jet . Whereas when mounted flame holder , then the fire will go into the combustion chamber and survive in the flame holder itself. Therefore, it can be seen the value of the fuel and air mixture is right and the position of the flame holder so the sooner the flashback .From the experimental results showed that the first fire was in the mouth at the end of the combustion chamber , where the flame height increases until a certain air flow which then decreases until it happens flashback with increasing air flow again . Other results showed that the gas flow is used more and increasing the airflow required is increasing in order to flashback phenomena occur . And it turns out the flame holder position also affects the air and fuel mixture ( AFR ) resulting in a flashback . The farther the flame holder position of the base of the combustion chamber , the smaller the ratio of air and fuel mixture ( AFR ) needed for flashback."

"This is the second volume of a two volume set which presents the results of the 31st International Symposium on Shock Waves (ISSW31), held in Nagoya, Japan in 2017. It was organized with support from the International Shock Wave Institute (ISWI), Shock Wave Research Society of Japan, School of Engineering of Nagoya University, and other societies, organizations, governments and industry. The ISSW31 focused on the following areas: Blast waves, chemical reacting flows, chemical kinetics, detonation and combustion, ignition, facilities, diagnostics, flow visualization, spectroscopy, numerical methods, shock waves in rarefied flows, shock waves in dense gases, shock waves in liquids, shock waves in solids, impact and compaction, supersonic jet, multiphase flow, plasmas, magnetohyrdrodynamics, propulsion, shock waves in internal flows, pseudo-shock wave and shock train, nozzle flow, re-entry gasdynamics, shock waves in space, Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, shock/boundary layer interaction, shock/vortex interaction, shock wave reflection/interaction, shock wave interaction with dusty media, shock wave interaction with granular media, shock wave interaction with porous media, shock wave interaction with obstacles, supersonic and hypersonic flows, sonic boom, shock wave focusing, safety against shock loading, shock waves for material processing, shock-like phenomena, and shock wave education. These proceedings contain the papers presented at the symposium and serve as a reference for the participants of the ISSW 31 and individuals interested in these fields.Chapter “Effects of Liquid Impurity on Laser-Induced Gas Breakdown in Quiescent Gas: Experimental and Numerical Investigations” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License at link.springer.com."