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"Over the last few decades, East Asian economies has emerged as the most dynamic growth center of the world economy. The spectacular success of Fast Asia's outward-oriented industrialization demonstrated a dynamic nexus of comparative advantage changes and industrial modernization — multiple catching up-flying geese pattern of industrialization. At the same time, there has also been an increase in regional bias economic interdependence of these economies. Thus, this study focuses on the "challenges and opportunities of the restructuring efforts of the East Asian economies in the 1990s and the need for a conducive regional cooperation to accelerate and sustain the East Asian dynamism. The study of the resulting structural and industrial shift behavior in East Asia is undertaken by using a sort of descriptive technique on: RCA Index — to discern the shift pattern of trade and industrial specialization and structural adjustment, and Iff Index, to examine the degree of complementarity and economic integration in the region. The basic idea is to evaluate the extent to which the resultant structural adjustment of East Asian Economies over the last few decades have led to a market driven integration in the region. The study has confirmed many important behavioral relationships between the export-led industrialization and structural adjustment in East Asia region. The East Asian economies' industrial structures have become increasingly competitive and complementary, in which a very sophisticated sub-regional division of labor has been developed according to the domestic corresponding comparative advantage, factor and technologically capacity. At the same time, the study also conveys clearly that in the wake of outward-oriented mechanism of economic growth, a de facto economic integration has been evolved and seems to be continuously strengthened in East Asia. 'Ile progress of intra-industry trade intensified the direct interdependence of industrial structural among East Asian countries, and hence contributes to the natural formation of an organically integrated economic community among them on the basis of trade-investment nexus. The implications drawn from this study suggests that, in today's increasingly interdependent, globalized, and competitive international trade environment, it is likely that the region's policy makers have recently find it necessary to consider an institutional mechanism for regional economic cooperation — open regionalism -- to continue the existing East Asian dynamism. Given the need for more coordination and harmonization of national policies, the region's economies should reframe and/or establish congenial macro-economic framework to expedite and maximize the benefits of the ongoing market driven integration growth. The participative synergy generated through regional cooperation may also provide the impetus for infusing greater dynamism in the trade expansion efforts which will be diffused throughout the region and even throughout the world 'economy."

"This book investigates whether the effects of economic integration differ according to the size of countries.The analysis incorporates a classification of the size of countries, reflecting the key economic characteristics of economies in order to provide an appropriate benchmark for each size group in the empirical analysis of the effects of asymmetric economic integration. The formation or extension of Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) leads to a reduction in trade costs. This poses a critical secondary question as to the extent to which trade costs differ according to the size of countries.The extent to which membership of PTAs has an asymmetric impact on trade flow according to the size of member countries is analyzed by employing econometric tools and general equilibrium analysis, estimating both the ex-post and ex-ante effects of economic integration on the size of countries, using a data set of 218 countries, 45 of which are European. ​"

"Tugas karya akhir ini menjelaskan motif terbentuknya Forum Kerjasama Ekonomi BRICS yang terdiri dari negara-negara Emerging Economies. Forum ini berdiri pada tahun 2009 pasca terjadi krisis global yang melanda dunia di tahun 2007-2008. Negara-negara yang menginisiasi terbentuknya forum ini adalah Brazil, Rusia, India, China (BRIC). Kemudian pada tahun 2011 Afrika Selatan resmi terdaftar menjadi anggota sehingga nama BRIC berubah menjadi BRICS dengan tambahan S untuk South Africa atau Afrika Selatan. Penjelasan dari motivasi terbentuknya BRICS dilakukan dalam kerangka implementasi teori integrasi ekonomi dari perspektif liberalisme, teori power, kepentingan nasional dan aliansi dari perspektif realisme, dan teori identitas kolektif dari perspektif konstuktivisme. Liberalisme dengan teori integrasi ekonominya melihat pembentukan BRICS dimotivasi melalui adanya keinginan untuk memperbesar dampak kerjasama ekonomi pada pertumbuhan ekonomi masing-masing negara anggotanya. Realisme dengan teori power, kepentingan nasional dan aliansinya melihat pembentukan BRICS dimotivasi melalui adanya keinginan bersatu yang didasari dari karakter kekuatan ekonomi dan kepentingan yang sama dari negaranegara BRICS untuk memperluas pengaruh pada level internasional. Sedangkan konstruktivisme dengan teori indentitas kolektifnya melihat pembentukan BRICS dimotivasi dari adanya ide terkonstruksi yang membangun kesadaran anggotanya atas kesamaan sebagai sebuah kekuatan ekonomi baru, kesamaan cita-cita untuk perubahan kondisi internasional, serta kesamaan pola hubungan dengan Amerika Serikat.

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This thesis attempts to explain the motivational background behind the formation of the BRICS as an Economic Cooperation Forum that comprised of Emerging Economies. This forum was officially declared in 2009 right after the global crisis hitted the world in 2007-2008. The initiators of this forum formation were Brazil, Russia, India, China (BRIC). Then, in 2011, South Africa officially enrolled as the member of this forum. Thus, the name of BRIC was changed into BRICS with additional S standing for South Africa. The explanation of this forum formation motive conducted within the theory implementation of economic integration from liberalism perspective, and power, national interest and alliance from realism perspective, also collective identity from constructivism perspective.

Liberalism with its economic integration theory sees that the BRICS forum formation was supported by the intention of its members in widening the impact of economic cooperation in the field of economic growth. Realism with its power, national interest and alliance theory sees that the BRICS forum formation was supported by the intention of its members to ally under the resemble economic power and national interest in order to spread the influence at international level. Later on, constructivism with its collective identity theory sees that the BRICS forum formation was supported by constructed idea that awake its members awareness of their similarity as new emerging economies, their similarity in the hope of the international circumstance changing, and their similarity in the hub pattern with United States."

"Dalam Keunggulan Komparatif Teori Persaingan Journal Shelby D Hunt dan Robert M Morgan berpendapat bahwa teori neoklasik di bidang ekonomi sudah usang dan memiliki kekurangan mengenai penjelasannya tentang pasar. Jadi mereka mengembangkan teori baru Teori Sumber Daya Advantage yang mereka klaim lebih baik menjelaskan fenomena ekonomi di pasar saat ini. Pertanyaannya adalah adalah teori Sumber Daya Keuntungan yang benar benar unggul teori neoklasik. Apakah itu benar benar mewakili situasi saat ini dalam perekonomian yang lebih baik. Selain itu adalah teori RA bahkan teori baru Atau hanya mash up dari hasil diskusi yang sudah ada dibangun menjadi bentuk yang lebih kohesif.

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In the "Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition" Journal, Shelby D. Hunt and Robert M. Morgan argued that the neoclassical theory in economics is outdated and has flaws regarding its explanation about the market. Thus they developed a new theory, the Resource Advantage Theory, which they claim better explains economic phenomena in today's market. The question is, is the Resource Advantage theory really superior to the neoclassical theory? , does it really represent the current situation in the economy better? Furthermore, is the RA theory even a new theory? , or is it just a mash-up of already existing discussion results built into a more cohesive form?."

"Tinjauan pustaka ini mengidentifikasi perkembangan integrasi ekonomi di ASEAN sejak pembentukannya pada 1967 yang didorong oleh faktor politik dan strategis, hingga transformasi fokus dari politik ke ekonomi dengan pencanangan ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) pada 2015. ASEAN memulai langkah integrasi ekonomi dengan Area Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN (AFTA) pada 1992 dan terus memperluas serta memperdalam integrasi ekonomi sebagai respons terhadap perubahan geopolitik dan ekonomi global. Tinjauan ini menggunakan metode taksonomi dengan membagi 55 literatur ke dalam tiga tema besar: 1) perkembangan ekonomi ASEAN; 2) kebijakan dalam strategi integrasi; 3) implikasi integrasi ekonomi ASEAN. Melalui analisis ini, tinjauan ini berupaya menyingkap konsensus, perdebatan, kesenjangan literatur, dan tren seperti persebaran tema, latar belakang akademisi, dan asal penulis. Tinjauan ini tidak hanya memberikan gambaran tentang dinamika integrasi ekonomi ASEAN, tetapi juga relevansinya dalam konteks ekonomi global saat ini serta menawarkan wawasan tentang arah penelitian dan kebijakan di masa depan.

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This literature review identifies the development of economic integration in ASEAN since its establishment in 1967, which was driven by political and strategic factors, up to the transformation of its focus from politics to economics with the launch of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015. ASEAN began its economic integration efforts with the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) in 1992 and has continued to expand and deepen economic integration in response to global geopolitical and economic changes. This review employs a taxonomy method by categorizing 55 pieces of literature into three major themes: 1) the economic development of ASEAN; 2) policy-driven strategies in integration; 3) implications of ASEAN economic integration. Through this analysis, the review aims to uncover consensus, debates, literature gaps, and trends such as theme distribution, the academic background of scholars, and the origins of the authors. This review not only provides an overview of the dynamics of ASEAN economic integration but also its relevance in the current global economic context, offering insights into future research directions and policy-making."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis integrasi pasar komoditas Cabemerah antar 23 pasar di lokasi produksi sayuran di Indonesia dan integrasi pasarantara Pasar Induk di Jakarta dengan 23 pasar produsen Cabe merah di Indonesia.Data yang digunakan adalah data tahunan mulai dari Januari 2000 hinggaDesember 2011 untuk data harga Cabe merah di tingkat produsen dan datatahunan mulai Januari 2005 hingga Desember 2011 untuk harga Cabe merah ditingkat Pasar Induk Kramat Jati di Jakarta. Selain harga Cabe merah, variabel lainjuga digunakan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh padahubungan antar pasar komoditas Cabe merah antara lain data produksi, populasi,jarak antar pasar, infrastruktur dan jumlah pasar. Engle dan Granger kointegrasites dan ECM digunakan untuk menganalisa transmisi harga, integrasi pasar dandinamika hubungan jangka panjang dan pendek pada pasar komoditas Cabe merahdi Indonesia. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa deskripsi untuk mengetahui faktorfaktoryang berpengaruh pada integrasi pasar tersebut. Hasil analisis pada model1 menyimpulkan bahwa pada umumnya pasar produsen tidak terintegrasi denganPasar Induk Kramat Jati di Jakarta. Hubungan antar pasar ini cenderung mengarahpada hubungan jangka pendek saja. Sedangkan, hasil pada Model 2mengindikasikan bahwa pasar komoditas Cabe merah antar 23 pasar produsen diIndonesia memiliki hubungan jangka panjang. Selain itu, perubahan harga jangkapendek yang terjadi di pasar komoditas Cabe merah cenderung langsungberdampak pada harga komoditas Cabe merah di pasar produsen yang lain. Studiini juga membuktikan bahwa integrasi pasar komoditas Cabe merah di Indonesiadipengaruhi oleh kualitas infrastruktur yang baik, lokasi dan jarak antar pasar,serta peluang pasar yang diindikasikan melalui besarnya jumlah pasar dan jumlahkonsumen atau populasi di wilayah tersebut.

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ABSTRACTMany researchers have been examined price transmission and marketintegration of staple food in Indonesia, while relatively few studies are there onmarket integration of vegetable commodities markets. Mostly previous studyassessed the information to what extents and to which markets prices aretransmitted across spatially different markets. However, there is scarce literaturethat determines the factors influence market integration or lack of integration inIndonesia. Thus, the analysis of market integration remains weak without furtheranalysis on factors that explain such of market integration or segmentation.Hence, it becomes a gap to be occupied by this research. The author believes thatthe study on commodity markets integration might be more useful if it iscomplemented with further discussion on factor that could explain the process ofmarket integration or lack of integration in Indonesia. Therefore, by using pricesdataset from 23 producer markets and wholesale market in Jakarta that coveringthe years from January 2000 to December 2011 and from January 2005 toDecember 2011 this paper aims to investigate two types of spatial marketintegration with focus on red chilli commodity markets.A series of techniques, such as the Engle-Granger cointegration test andECM were used to test red chilli market integration. With this approaches, then itis possible to analyze price transmission, identify market integration orsegmentation that occurs in red chilli commodity markets in Indonesia, andspecify the long-run and short-run dynamic. Moreover, some variables such asthe number of production, population, distance between markets, the quality ofinfrastructure, and the numbers of markets have been obtained to discuss on factorthat might drives interconnectedness between red chilli markets.The result of model 1 indicates that generally producer markets are notcointegrate with PIKJ as central market. However, these markets tend to haveshort-run relationship. On the other hand, the results of spatial market integrationmodel 2, which test cointegration across 23 producer markets, imply that red chillimarkets across producer provinces tend to integrate in thelong-run. In addition, inthe short-run changes in the red chilli’s price in one producer market also seem tohave immediate impact on red chilli’s price in other producer markets.Finally, the research has shown evidences that red chilli commodity marketsintegration in Indonesia are influenced by the good quality of infrastructure,location or distance between market, and trade opportunity that can be indicatedby the large consumer area such as the number of populations and the number ofmarkets."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merupakan studi tentang kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat perbatasan di desa Aji Kuning di kecamatan Sebatik kabupaten Nunukan Kalimantan Timur, yang terintegrasi dengan pasar Tawau, wilayah Sabah Malaysia. Dalam penelitian ini, saya menyebutnya integrasi ekonomi. Penelitian difokuskan pada pasar sebagai arena transaksi. Pasar menjadi entry point untuk melakukan pengamatan.Kondisi paradoks desa Aji Kuning, satu sisi sebagai desa terpencil dan miskin bagi Indonesia, disisi lain strategis sebab dekat dengan Malaysia yang memiliki kondisi sosial-ekonomi lebih baik, membuka peluang-peluang masyarakat desa mengaktifkan potensi sumber daya sosial budaya untuk membangun kepentingan-kepentingan ekonomi bagi kesejahteraannya.Masyarakat Aji Kuning di perbatasan membangun jaringan ekonomi sebagai bentuk solidaritas sosial bagi kepentingan penguasaan sumber-sumber ekonomi untuk kesejahteraan hidupnya. Negara dalam hal ini institusi politik lokal membuka peluang masyarakat membangun pasar yang sangat fleksibel dalam pengaturan perdagangan lintas batas. Pasar adalah entitas yang tidak sekadar menopang keberlangsungan ekonomi dengan mempertemukan penjual dan pembeli. Pasar memiliki tanggung jawab dan fungsi yang jauh lebih kompleks. Sebagai sebuah sistem kebudayaan, ia menjaga dan menyangga dinamika sosio-budaya masyarakat di perbatasan. Masyarakat Aji Kuning membangun jaringan-jaringan perdagangan yang berkaitkelindan dengan sosial, politik, budaya, kekerabatan dan etnik. Mereka mengaktifkan simpul kekerabatan dan etnisitas untuk membangun jaringan. Identitas etnik bersifat kontekstual bergantung pada kepentingan dan motif ekonominya.Jaringan perdagangan meliputi berbagai unsur, mulai dari pembeli, penjual, pemodal dan broker, dengan keragaman etnik dan kebangsaan serta pembagian kerja. Jaringan berfungsi banyak, sebagai jaringan komunikasi dan informasi harga dan permodalan serta berbagi keuntungan dan resiko dengan variasi pertemanan, kekerabatan dan patron-klien. Demikian pula meliputi berbagai institusi, pemerintah, kelompok etnik dan aparat perbatasan Indonesia dan Malaysia. Kesemuanya terintegrasi dalam suatu kegiatan ekonomi lokal di perbatasan.Jaringan etnisitas menjadi basis integrasi ekonomi. Pengamatan terhadap identitas etnik dan pemanfaatannya dalam jaringan ekonomi, ditekankan pada interaksi kelompok-kelompok etnik dalam kegiatan ekonomi di semua jaringan berdasarkan komoditas yang diperdagangkan. Pengamatan terhadap jaringan-jaringan menyimpulkan bahwa integrasi ekonomi sarat dengan berbagai interaksi social, sebagai arena aktivitas budaya dan ekspresi politik, jaringan arus informasi, serta pusat interaksi masyarakat dengan keragaman sosial, ekonomi, etnis dan agama, sekaligus gabungan kelompok2 budaya, yang berbenturan, bekerja sama, berkolusi, bersaing, dan mengalami konflik. Strategi-strategi melintas batas menjadi pilihan rasional, dan bahwa masyarakat perbatasan kerap menggunakan etnisitas dan dwikewarganegaraannya untuk melanggengkan perdagangan melintas batas. Politik menjadi sarana membangun ekonomi, sebaliknya tanpa kekuatan ekonomi kekuasaan politik tidak akan bertahan lama.

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ABSTRACTThis research is the study of economic activities in the border villages Aji Kuning in the Sebatik Island, in the district Nunukan of East Kalimantan, which is more integrated with the market Tawau, Sabah area of Malaysia. In this study, I call it economic integration. It focused on the market as an transactions arena. Market as an entry point for making observations.Aji Kuning village is a paradoxical condition, one side of a remote and poor villages of Indonesia, on the other hand is close to Malaysia, which has socio-economic conditions better. This can open up opportunities for rural communities to enable the potential socio-cultural resources to build the economic interests for their welfare. In the Aji Kuning market community was found that the borderlanders build the economic network as a social solidarity formation for economic resources benefit. The related countries especially the local politic institutions provide more opportunity to the borderlander developing a flexible market for borderland trade regulation. The market is not just an entity that sustains the economic sustainability by bringing together sellers and buyers. The market has a responsibility and a much more complex functions. As a cultural system, he is maintaining and supporting the socio-cultural dynamics in the border communities.Aji Kuning community build complexity networks. It?s not merely influence the economic dimension but also related to other dimensions especially social, political, cultural, and ethnic kinship. They enable the knot of kinship and ethnicity to build the network. Ethnic identity as a culture identity is contextual and it depends on economic interest and benefit. Trade networks includes a variety ofelements, among others buyers, sellers, investors and brokers, with ethnic and national diversity and the division of labor. The networks have many functions, as communication networks and information and price of capital and share profits and risks with a variety of friendship, kinship and patron-client relationships. Similarly, covering a variety of institutions, governments, ethnic groups and forces the border of Indonesia and Malaysia. All are integrated into a local economic activity at the border.Network of ethnicity is the base of the integration economy. Observations on ethnic identity and its utilization in the network economy, emphasis on the interaction of ethnic groups in economic activity in all networks based on the commodities are traded.Observation of the networks concluded that the borderline market is loaded with social interactions. There are arena of cultural activity and political expression, the network information flow. It is also the center of community interaction with the social diversity, economic, ethnic and religious, as well as the combined culture group which are clash, collaborate, collude, compete and conflict. Strategies across borderlinders becomes a rational choice, and that people often use their ethnicity and dual nationality to sustain the trade across borders. In this case, politics became the economic development facility. On the other hand, without economic power, the politic authority will not be long-lasting."