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"ABSTRAK Kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang bersifat kationik. Sifat kationik tersebutmembuat kitosan dapat berinteraksi dengan polimer anionik membentukkompleks polielektrolit (KPE). Dalam penelitian ini, pektin digunakan sebagaipolimer anionik yang berinteraksi secara ionik dengan kitosan. Tujuan daripenelitian ini adalah membuat dan mengkarakterisasi KPE kitosan-pektin yangakan digunakan sebagai matriks dalam sediaan tablet mengapung. Larutan kitosandan pektin 0,3% b/v dicampur dengan perbandingan 1:9, 3:7, 1:1, 7:3 dan 9:1pada pH 4,5 dan 5,0. Kondisi terbaik untuk menghasilkan KPE adalah pada pH5,0 dengan perbandingan larutan kitosan dan pektin = 3:7. Perbedaan karakteristikKPE kitosan-pektin dengan polimer asalnya ditunjukkan dengan analisis gugusfungsi, analisis termal, daya mengembang dan kekuatan gel. Selanjutnya KPEdigunakan sebagai matriks dalam sediaan tablet mengapung dengan famotidinsebagai model obat. KPE juga dikombinasikan dengan hidroksipropilmetilselulosa(HPMC) dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda-beda. Hasil uji disolusi menunjukkanbahwa KPE dapat menahan pelepasan famotidin selama 10 jam. Kombinasidengan HPMC dapat membantu KPE menahan pelepasan famotidin hingga 20jam. Tablet yang hanya mengandung KPE sebagai matriks hanya dapat bertahanmengapung hingga 12 jam, sedangkan tablet dengan kombinasi KPE dan HPMCdapat bertahan mengapung hingga 24 jam.

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ABSTRACT Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer. That cationic property makes chitosan can form polyelectrolite complex (PEC) with anionic polymer. In this research, pectin was used as anionic polymer that interact ionically with chitosan. The aim of this research is to produce and characterize chitosan-pectin PEC that would be used as matrix in floating tablet. The solutions of chitosan and pectin 0,3% w/v were mixed in ratio 1:9, 3:7, 1:1, 7:3 and 9:1 with pH of the solution 4,5 and 5,0. The best condition to produce PEC was in pH 5,0 with ratio of chitosan and pectin = 3:7. The differences between chitosan-pectin PEC characteristic and its origin polymer were shown by functional group analysis, thermal analysis, swelling capacity and gel strength. The PEC was then used as matrix in floating tablet with famotidin as a model. PEC was also combined with hydroxypropilmethylcellulose (HPMC) in different concentrations. The results of the dissolution study showed that PEC could retard the release of famotidin for 10 hours. PEC in combination with HPMC could retard the release of famotidin for 20 hours. Tablet that only contains PEC as matrix could remain buoyant for 12 hours while tablet with combination of PEC and HPMC could remain buoyant for 24 hours. "

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan kompleks polielektrolit kitosan-xanthan (KPKX) dan menggunakannya sebagai matriks dalam tablet lepas terkendali dengan sistem mengapung. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kitosan, yang bermuatan positif pada suasana asam, dan xanthan, yang bemuatan negatif, dapat membentuk kompleks polielektrolit yang memiliki daya mengembang yang baik untuk sediaan dengan pelepasan terkendali. KPKX dibuat dengan cara melarutkan kitosan (1,0% b/v) dan xanthan (1,0% b/v) di dalam medium masing-masing kemudian mencampurkan keduanya pada pH 4,3-4,5 dengan perbandingan 1:1. Hasil yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi secara fisik, kimia, dan fungsional. Selanjutnya, KPKX digunakan sebagai matriks dalam sediaan tablet mengapung dengan 2 variasi jumlah polimer pembentuk matriks (35,71% dan 57,14%). Asam sitrat dan natrium bikarbonat digunakan sebagai gas forming dalam 2 variasi (14,29% dan 21,43%). Kitosan, xanthan, dan campuran fisik keduanya digunakan sebagai polimer matriks pada formula pembanding. Diltiazem HCl digunakan sebagai model obat. Tablet dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah dan dikempa menjadi tablet 700 mg. Seluruh tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan memenuhi persyaratan fisik yang tertera di Farmakope Indonesia. Tablet mengapung F3 yang mengandung 57,14% KPKX dan 21,43% gas forming menunjukkan karakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 39,33 ± 1,53 menit dan dapat mengapung hingga 12 jam. Tablet F3 juga terbukti dapat menahan pelepasans obat hingga 12 jam dan menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat yang sesuai dengan kinetika orde nol.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of chisotan-xanthan polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) and use it as matrix of controlled release tablet with floating system. The previous study has shown that chitosan, which have positive charge in acid condition, and xanthan, which have negative charge, could form polyelectrolyte complex which have good swelling index for controlled release dosage forms. CXPC was prepared by dissolving chitosan (1.0% w/v) and xanthan (1.0% w/v) in their medium then mix them in pH 4.3-4.5 with a ratio of 1:1. The obtained CXPC were characterized physically, chemically, and functionally. Furthermore, CXPC was used as matrix of floating tablet in two variations (35.71% and 57.14%). Citric acid and sodium bicarbonate were used as gas forming in two variations (14.29% and 21.43%). Chitosan, xanthan, and physical mixture of both were also used as comparison formula. Diltiazem HCl was used as drug model. Tablet was formulated by wet granulation method and compressed into 700 mg tablets. All floating tablets fulfilled all the Pharmacopoeia requirements. Floating tablets containing 57.14% CXPC and 21.43% gas forming (F3) have shown the best characteristic with 39.33 ± 1.53 minutes of floating lag time and 12 hours of floating time. This formula revealed a profile of controlled drug release and appoached to zero-order kinetics model."

"Kompleks polielektrolit (KPE) adalah kompleks yang terbentuk antara muatan partikel yang berlawanan. Dalam penelitian ini, kompleks polielektrolit yang digunakan adalah alginat (bersifat anionik) dan gelatin (bersifat kationik). Gugus karboksilat dari alginat dapat memberikan muatan negatif yang dapat berikatan secara ionik dengan gugus amin dari gelatin yang bermuatan positif. Larutan alginat dan gelatin 2% b/v dicampur dengan perbandingan 3:7 dan 4:7. Kondisi terbaik untuk menghasilkan KPE adalah perbandingan larutan alginat-gelatin 4:7. Perbedaan karakteristik KPE alginat-gelatin dengan polimer asalnya ditunjukkan dengan analisis gugus fungsi, analisis termal, daya mengembang dan kekuatan gel. Selanjutnya KPE digunakan sebagai matriks dalam sediaan tablet lepas lambat dengan verapamil HCl sebagai model obat. Formula I dan II masing-masing mengandung KPE 420 dan 478 mg, formula III dan IV masing-masing mengandung alginat dan gelatin 478 mg. Hasil uji disolusi terbaik yaitu formula II menunjukkan pelepasan kumulatif sebesar 65,38% selama 8 jam. Berdasarkan Banakar, nilai ini masuk dalam kisaran Q0,5 (45-75% terlarut) sehingga tablet dapat digunakan selama 16 jam untuk sekali pemakaian.

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Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are the complexes formed between oppositely charged particles. In this study, polyelectrolyte complexes used is alginate (anionic) and gelatin (cationic). Carboxylate groups of alginate may provide a negative charged which may be an ionic bond with the amine group of gelatin is positively charged. The solution of alginate and gelatin 2% w/v mixed in the ratio 3:7 and 4:7. The best conditions to produce the PEC is a solution of alginate-gelatin ratio of 4:7. The differences in the characteristics of PEC alginate-gelatin with origin polymer is indicated by functional group analysis, thermal analysis, swelling index and gel strength. The PEC subsequently used as a matrix in sustained release tablet dosage with verapamil hydrochloride as model drug. Formula I and II each containing PEC 420 and 478 mg, formula III and IV each containing alginate and gelatin 478 mg. The results of the best dissolution testing is formula II shows the cumulative release of 65,38% for 8 hours. Based Banakar, this value is entered in the range Q0, 5 (45-75% dissolved) so that the tablet can be used for 16 hours for a single use."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan pragelatinisasi pati singkong suksinat (PPSS), yang merupakan modifikasi pati singkong secara fisika dan kimia sebagai matriks dalam sediaan tablet mengapung. Formulasi tablet mengapung dibuat dengan mengkombinasikan PPSS dengan natrium alginat dan PPSS dengan HPMC. Telah dibuat 5 formula yaitu FI PPSS : natrium alginat (50:50), FII PPSS : natrium alginat (60:40), FIII PPSS : natrium alginat (70:30), FIV PPSS : natrium alginat (80:20), dan FV PPSS : HPMC (50:50). Evaluasi terhadap semua sediaan tablet mengapung yang dilakukan meliputi floating lag time, kemampuan keterapungan, daya mengembang serta profil laju disolusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa floating lag time yang tercepat adalah FII dan FV yaitu 1,0 + 0,0 detik, sedangkan FI 2,5 + 1,06 detik, FIV 3,5 + 0,35 detik dan FIII 10,5 + 1,76 detik. Uji keterapungan menunjukkan bahwa semua tablet mampu mengapung selama 24 jam. Kelima formula tersebut mampu menahan pelepasan verapamil HCl sampai 8 jam dengan jumlah pelepasan antara 33,67% - 78,66%.

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The aim of this research is to know the capability of pregelatinized cassava starch succinate (PCSS), which constitutes modified of cassava starch physically and chemically as a matrix in the floating tablet dosage form. The formulas of floating tablet dosages form were made by combining PCSS with sodium alginic and PCSS with HPMC. It has been made 5 formulas, which were FI PCSS: sodium alginic (50:50), FII PCSS: sodium alginic (60:40), FIII PCSS: sodium alginic (70:30), FIV PCSS: sodium alginic (80:20), and FV PCSS: HPMC (50:50). Evaluation to all of the floating dosages form were floating lag time, buoyancy test, swelling index, and rate of dissolution profile. The fastest floating lag time FII and FV were 1,0 + 0,0 second, while FI 2,5 + 1,06 seconds, FIV 3,5 + 0,35 seconds and 10,5 + 1,76 seconds for FIII. The buoyancy test showed that all of the formulas were able to buoy for 24 hours. All of the formulas can retain releasing of verapamil HCl for 8 hours by means of releasing between 33,67% - 78,66%."

"[ABSTRAKTablet mengapung lepas lambat membutuhkan eksipien yang berfungsi sebagaimatriks yang mampu mengendalikan lepasnya obat dan menfasilitasipengapungan tablet di lambung. Salah satu eksipien yang berpotensi untuk haltersebut adalah eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang merupakanhasil modifikasi fisik dari 2 jenis polimer alam, yaitu xanthan gum dan gumakasia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh eksipienkoproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang kemudian digunakan sebagai matrikspada formulasi tablet mengapung. Pada penelitian ini dibuat eksipien koprosesxanthan gum ? gum akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 dan 3:1 daneksipien yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi sifat fisik, kimia, danfungsionalnya.Eksipien-eksipien koproses yang dihasilkan tersebut kemudiandiformulasikan menjadi sediaan tablet mengapung dengan menggunakanfamotidin sebagai model obat. Tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan dievaluasi,antara lain uji kemampuan mengapung serta pelepasan obat dalam medium HClpH 1,2 selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksipien koprosesyang diperoleh berupa serbuk halus tidak berbau dan berwarna putih keabu-abuan.Selain itu eksipien koproses tersebut memiliki kemampuan mengembang yangbaik, viskositas yang cukup besar dan kekuatan gel yang baik yang cocok untukdigunakan sebagai matriks tablet mengapung. Tablet mengapung F2 yang dibuatdengan menggunakan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA 1:2 menunjukkankarakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 8,33± 0,58 menit dankemampuan mengapung hingga 24 jam. Profil pelepasan famotidin dari tabletmengapung yang diformulasikan dengan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA (F1 ? F5)menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat terkendali dengan model kinetika pelepasanorde nol dan dapat digunakan untuk pemakaian selama 32 jam. Dari hasilpenelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA yangdihasilkan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai matriks sediaan tablet mengapung lepasterkendali.

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ABSTRACTControlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum? gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets., Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.]"

"Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer that is non toxic,biodegradabel and biocompatibel. This polymer is also able to formhydrogel in aqueous medium but is only soluble in acidic medium and isnot soluble in basic medium. Therefore why chitosan is not suitable as amatrix for sustained release dosage form. Chitosan can be modifiedphisically and chemically to obtain its optimum useful as a matrix forsustained release. It is preassumed that cationic properties of chitosan canform a polyelectrolyte complex with other anionic polymers.The aim of this study was to make polyelectrolyte complex ofchitosan – sodium carboxymethylcellulose as tablet matrix for prolongeddrug release system with atenolol as drug model.The polyelectrolyte was made by mixing 4% w/v chitosan solution inacetic acid 1% and 4% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution, with mixing speed is 5000 rpm for 15 minuted, centrifuge (15.000 rpm, 15minuted) and then dried (50oC, 24 hours), grinded and sieved with 100mesh sieving analyzer. Then It was evaluated using FTIRspectrophotometer, SEM analyser, DSC analyser, swelling index anddissolution test.The results showed that the characteristic of chitosan – sodiumcarboxymethil cellulose polyelectrolyte complex change physically andchemically compared to chitosan and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Theswelling index of chitosan – sodium carboxymethylcellulose polyelectrolytecomplex was better than chitosan.Futher study was subjected to obtain optimum chitosan – sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose polyelectrolyte complex concentration as a matrixof sustained release dosage form. The study was done by making four (4)tablet formulas with the chitosan – sodium carboxymethylcellulosepolyelectrolyte complex matrix concentration 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%.The method of tablet preparation is wet granulation. The effect of variousformulation process veriables, such as pollyelectrolyte complex content,harness of tablet and drug release from these tablet was examined. Drugrelease studies were conducted in 37oC hydrochloric acid solution pH 1,2(2 hours) and buffer phosphat pH 7,4 (6 hours), with UVspectrophotometer.Dissolution profiles showed that higher concentration matrix causedmore prolonged atenolol release. The mechanisms released werediffusional and erosional. The 70% matrix polyelectrolyte chitosan sodium carboxymethylcellulose concentration released atenolol 49,21% in8 hours, so it could prolong atenolol release for 16 hours"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat eksipien ko-proses dari campuran kappa dan iota karagenan pada perbandingan tertentu yang dikombinasi dengan pragelatinisasi pati singkong propionat (PPSP), selanjutnya mengkarakterisasi eksipien ko-proses dan menggunakannya dalam formulasi sediaan gastroretentif tablet mengapung.Pada penelitian ini, tablet dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah dan menggunakan famotidin sebagai model obat. Formulasi tablet mengapung dibuat dengan eksipien koproses karagenan dan PPSP dengan perbandingan tertentu. Daya mengembang dan keterapungan tablet mengapung dievaluasi. Pelepasan obat dari tablet mengapung diteliti dan dianalisa dengan menggunakan beberapa model persamaan kinetika.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula A dengan eksipien koproses karagenan : PPSP (1:1) sebanyak 60 % dengan HPMC 10% menghasilkan formula yang terbaik dengan waktu mengapung 11,42 ± 1,53 menit dengan lamanya keterapungan selama 20 jam. Formula tersebut juga menunjukkan profil pelepasan yang terkendali dengan model kinetika Higuchi serta mekanisme difusi non Fickian.

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The aim of this study was to make a coprocess excipients from the mixture of kappa and iota carrageenan on specific comparisons, combined with the pregelatinized cassava starch propionate (PPSP) , further characterized the coprocess excipients and used the formulation in processed gastroretentif preparation of floating tablet.In this study, tablets were made by wet granulation method and using famotidine as a model drug. Some formulations of floating tablets were prepared by varying the composition of the excipients coprossed carragenan with a certain ratio. The swelling and buoyancy of the floating tablets were evaluated. Furthermore, the drug release from the floating tablets were studied and analyzed using several models of kinetic equations.The results showed that formula A with excipients coprocessed carragenan (1:1) as much as 60% with 10% HPMC produce the best formula and floating lag time 11.42 ± 1.53 minutes and total floating time for 22 hours. The formula also revealed a profile of controlled drug release and approached to Higuchi kinetics model and the non Fickian diffusion mechanism."

"Sediaan tertahan di lambung merupakan sediaan yang didesain untuk dapat memperpanjang waktu tinggal sediaan di dalam lambung sebagai tempat terjadinya absorbsi obat di dalam tubuh. Sistem penghantaran mukoadhesif merupakan salah satu bentuk sediaan tertahan di lambung dengan mekanisme penempelan pada mukosa lambung. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, telah diteliti KPKX dengan beberapa variasi perbandingan kitosan dengan xanthan (1:1, 3:1, dan 6:1), dan diketahui KPKX 1:1 memiliki daya mengembang yang sesuai untuk dikembangkan sebagai sediaan mukoadhesif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan eksipien kompleks polielektrolit kitosan-gum xanthan (KPKX) sebagai matriks sediaan granul mukoadhesif tertahan di lambung. Pada penelitian ini KPKX 1:1 digunakan sebagai matriks pada granul mukoadhesif dengan perbandingan obat dengan KPKX (1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3), dengan diltiazem HCl sebagai model obat. Eksipien KPKX yang terbentuk tersebut kemudian diformulasikan menjadi granul mukoadhesif. Granul F2 yang mengandung perbandingan diltiazem HCl dengan KPKX 1:1 dinilai sebagai granul terbaik karena mampu tetap menempel di mukosa lambung hingga 8 jam berdasarkan uji wash-off dan 12 jam berdasarkan uji bioadhesif in-vitro. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa KPKX dapat digunakan sebagai matriks mukoadhesif.

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Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) are designed to prolong the dosage residence time of dosage forms in stomach as one of drug absorbtion site. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system, is one of many GRDDS kind with adhesion mechanism to gastric mucosa. In previous study chitosan-xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) had been produced in some variations (1:1, 3:1, and 6:1), and CXPC 1:1 showed better swelling index which suitable for sustained release dosage forms. The aim of this research is studying the ability of CXPC as matrix for mucoadhesive granules dosage form matrix. In this study CXPC 1:1 was used as the matrix in the mucoadhesive granules with drug-CXPC ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, using diltiazem HCl as a drug model. The obtained CXPC was then formulated into mucoadhesive granules. F1 granules which were formulated using CXPC and diltiazem HCl in ratio of 1:1, considered as the best formulation because it can adhere on gastric mucosa up to 8 hours based on wash-off test and 12 hours based on in-vitro bioadhesive test. From this study it can be concluded that the CXPC can be used as a mucoadhesive matrix."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat protein kedelai suksinat dari protein kedelai yang diperoleh melalui proses suksinilasi protein kedelai dengan anhidrida suksinat pada kondisi basa dalam medium berair. Protein kedelai suksinat yang diperoleh kemudian dikarakterisasi secara fisik, kimia, dan fungsional, kemudian digunakan sebagai matriks pada sediaan tablet mengapung. Protein kedelai suksinat yang didapat berupa serbuk berwarna putih kekuningan, memiliki derajat suksinilasi 35,74 ± 0,38% dan 100,38 ± 0,38%, menunjukkan peak pada bilangan gelombang 1653,0 cm-1 mengindikasikan gugus karbonil amida yang terbentuk, memiliki daya mengembang 35,38 ± 2,08% dan 25,30 ± 4,99% dalam dapar asam klorida pH 1,2. Pada penelitian ini, tablet dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah dan menggunakan diltiazem hidroklorida sebagai model obat. Semua formula dibuat dengan mengkombinasikan matriks protein kedelai (PK), protein kedelai suksinat 100% b/b (PKS 1), dan protein kedelai suksinat 250% b/b (PKS 2) dengan HPMC dengan perbandingan 1:1. Uji keterapungan, daya mengembang dan kinetika pelepasan obat pada tablet mengapung dievaluasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula dengan matriks PKS 2:HPMC 1:1 merupakan fomula terbaikdengan waktu apung 40,75 ± 1,06 menit dan mampu mengapung selama 24 jam, daya mengembang 87,5 ± 3,1% dengan kinetika pelepasan mengikuti persamaan Higuchi dan mekanisme difusi non-Fickian.

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The aims of this study was to produce the soybean protein succinate from soybean protein by succinilation of the soybean protein using succinic anhydride under alkaline conditions in aqueous medium. Soybean protein succinate were characterized physically, chemically and functionally, then was used as a matrix for floating tablet. Soybean protein succinate obtained a yellowish-white powder, having 35.74 ± 0.38% and 100.38 ± 0.38% as its succinylated degree, showed peak at the wave number 1653.05 cm-1 indicates that the amide carbonyl group is formed, swelling index was 35.38 ± 2.08% and 25.30 ± 4.99% in hydrocloric acid buffer pH 1.2. Tablets were made by wet granulation method and diltiazem hydrochloride was used as a model drug. All formulas were made by combining matrix soybean protein (SP), soybean protein succinate 100 % w/w (SPS 1), and soybean protein succinate 250 % w/w (SPS 2) with HPMC 1:1. Buoyancy test, swelling test and drug-release kinetics evaluated on the floating tablet. The results showed that the formula with SPS 2: HPMC 1:1 is the best fomula with a lag time of 40.75 ± 1.06 minutes, floating duration of 24 hours, and swelling test 87.5 ± 3.1%. This formula followed Higuchi release kineticsand showed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism."