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"Kakao dan produk olahannya memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang tinggi,terutama katekin dan epikatekin. Flavonoid bermanfaat bagi kesehatan manusiaantara lain sebagai antioksidan, antikanker, antiinflamasi, serta kesehatankardiovaskuler. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh kondisi optimumanalisis katekin dan epikatekin dalam hasil olahan biji kakao secara KromatografiCair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT) dengan detektor ultraviolet. Kondisi analisisoptimum adalah menggunakan fase diam kolom C-18, fase gerak air-asetonitrilasamtrifluoroasetat 4 % (90:10:1, v/v/v), kecepatan alir 1,0 ml/menit, danpanjang gelombang 280 nm. Hasil validasi analisis katekin dan epikatekinmenunjukkan linearitas yang baik masing-masing pada konsentrasi 2-40 ppm dan20-160 ppm; batas kuantitasi masing-masing 1,33 ppm dan 12,45 ppm; relatifstandar deviasi untuk pengukuran < 2 %. Penerapan metode ini terhadap sampelhasil olahan biji kakao didapatkan hasil berturut-turut katekin dan epikatekinadalah 1,61 g/mg dan 3,71 g/mg (nib kakao); 3,01 g/mg dan 6,71 g/mg(pasta kakao); serta 3,76 g/mg dan 7,63 g/mg (bubuk kakao)."

"Cacao bean Processing into its products may affect catechin and epicatechin contents in the final products. Temperature treatments during cacao processing can induce epimerization reaction of (-)-epicatechin to be (-)-catechin. The aims of this study were : (1) to obtain the valid analytical method which can be used to analyze catechin and epicatechin in cacao bean and cacao products by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and (2) to know the influence of temperature during Processing of cacao beans, especially concentration of catechin and epicatechin.Experiment was conducted in three steps, i.e.: optimization of analytical method, validation of selected method, and studying the influence of temperature to catechin and epicatechin concentration during cacao bean processing. Optimization of analytical method was carried out by varying solvents (acetonitrile and methanol) composition using gradient elution. Mobile phase flow rate was set at 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ml/min. Catechin and epicatechin in cacao samples was detected by mass spectrometry. Condition of mass spectrometer was run by varying ESI voltage, nebulizer pressure, desolvation temperature, and desolvation gas. Validations test included some parameters such as specificity/ selectivity, linearity of calibration curve, limit of detection and limit of quantitation, precision and recovery test. Samples taken during the process were cacao nib, cacao mass, cacao powder and cacao butter.The results of this study showed that analytical conditions for catechin and epicatechin were using mobile phase A (0.1 % formic acid in deionized water) and mobile phase B (acetonitril-methanol - 50:50) at flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Gradient elution were set at 0 minutes (10% B), 15 minutes (35% B), 20 minutes (40% B), 30 minutes (50% B), 35 minutes (60% B), and 35.1 minute (10% B). Mass spectrometer was set at ESI voltage (-) 3500 volt, desolvation temperature 300 °C, nebulizer pressure 50 psi, desolvation gas 10 L/min, and fragmentor voltage (-) 160 volt. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation of catechin were 0.28 and 0.93 ppm, respectively, while epicatechin were 7.15 and 23.84 ppm, respectively. Based on concentrations of catechin and epicatechin, heat treatment during cacao mass Processing showed a decrease tendency of catechin and epicatechin ratios."

"Cacao bean Processing into its products may affect catechin and epicatechin contents in the final products. Temperature treatments during cacao processing can induce epimerization reaction of (-)-epicatechin to be (-)-catechin. The aims of this study were : (1) to obtain the valid analytical method which can be used to analyze catechin and epicatechin in cacao bean and cacao products by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and (2) to know the influence of temperature during Processing of cacao beans, especially concentration of catechin and epicatechin.Experiment was conducted in three steps, i.e.: optimization of analytical method, validation of selected method, and studying the influence of temperature to catechin and epicatechin concentration during cacao bean processing. Optimization of analytical method was carried out by varying solvents (acetonitrile and methanol) composition using gradient elution. Mobile phase flow rate was set at 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ml/min. Catechin and epicatechin in cacao samples was detected by mass spectrometry. Condition of mass spectrometer was run by varying ESI voltage, nebulizer pressure, desolvation temperature, and desolvation gas. Validations test included some parameters such as specificity/ selectivity, linearity of calibration curve, limit of detection and limit of quantitation, precision and recovery test. Samples taken during the process were cacao nib, cacao mass, cacao powder and cacao butter.The results of this study showed that analytical conditions for catechin and epicatechin were using mobile phase A (0.1 % formic acid in deionized water) and mobile phase B (acetonitril-methanol - 50:50) at flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Gradient elution were set at 0 minutes (10% B), 15 minutes (35% B), 20 minutes (40% B), 30 minutes (50% B), 35 minutes (60% B), and 35.1 minute (10% B). Mass spectrometer was set at ESI voltage (-) 3500 volt, desolvation temperature 300 °C, nebulizer pressure 50 psi, desolvation gas 10 L/min, and fragmentor voltage (-) 160 volt. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation of catechin were 0.28 and 0.93 ppm, respectively, while epicatechin were 7.15 and 23.84 ppm, respectively. Based on concentrations of catechin and epicatechin, heat treatment during cacao mass Processing showed a decrease tendency of catechin and epicatechin ratios."

"Rebamipid tergolong suatu obat antiulkus yang masuk dalam kategori obat wajib uji Bioekivalensi (BE) menurut Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kondisi optimum untuk analisis rebamipid dalam plasma in vitro menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT) detektor ultraviolet dan melakukan validasi metode analisis tersebut. Kromatografi dilaksanakan dengan teknik isokratik pada kolom fase terbalik Kromasil® C18 (5 μm, Akzo Nobel) panjang kolom 250 x 4,6 mm, fase gerak asetonitril-dapar fosfat pH 3,0 (40:60), dengan kecepatan alir 1,0 ml/menit, dan dideteksi pada panjang gelombang 230 nm. Teknik penyiapan sampel dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan asam fosfat dan etil asetat. Karbamazepin digunakan sebagai baku dalam. Metode ini valid menurut FDA dalam Bioanalytical Method Validation, dengan nilai koefisien korelasi r = 0,9993 dan linier pada kisaran konsentrasi 0,04 ? 1,2 ìg/ml, batas terendah kuantitasi (LLOQ) 42,0 ng/ml, presisi kurang dari 6%, dan nilai perolehan kembali antara 90,32 sampai 113,45%. Rebamipid stabil dalam plasma selama 14 hari penyimpanan pada suhu -200C.

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Rebamipide is antiulcer agent and it is one of the drug that have to be evaluated with bioequivalency test according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The objective of this research is to find out the optimum condition of rebamipide in human plasma in vitro analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detector, and then the method was validated. The chromatography was carried out by isocratic technique on a reversed-phase Kromasil® C18 (5 μm, Akzo Nobel), column length was 250 x 4.6 mm, with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile - phosphate buffer pH 3.0 (40:60) at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and detection was performed at wavelength of 230 nm. The sample preparation technique was liquidliquid extraction by phosphoric acid and ethyl acetate. Carbamazepine was used as the internal standard. The method was valid according to FDA in Bioanalitycal Method Validation, with coefficient correlation of 0.9993 and linear in the range concentration of 0.04 ? 1.2 μg/ml, the lower limit of quantitation was 42.0 ng/ml, precision less than 6% and recovery percentage was 90.32 to 113.45%. Rebamipide in plasma was stable for 14 days storage in -200C."

"Metode kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) dengan detektor ultraviolet (UV) telah dikembangkan untuk analisis vardenafil dalam plasma in vitro. Baku dalam digunakan untuk mengurangi galat akibat proses ekstraksi. Setiap baku dalam memberikan hasil analisis yang berbeda.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan hasil penggunaan baku dalam glimepirida dan nortriptilin HCl pada analisis vardenafil dalam plasma in vitro menggunakan KCKT. Kondisi kromatografi menggunakan kolom C18 dengan fase gerak asetonitril-dapar kalium dihidrogen fosfat 30 mM pH 6,0 (50:50) pada kecepatan alir 1,0 ml/menit dengan deteksi UV pada panjang gelombang 214 nm. Teknik penyiapan sampel plasma dengan cara pengendapan protein dengan asetonitril.Metode analisis ini memiliki lower limit of quantitation 10 ng/ml dan rentang linieritas 10?100 ng/ml dengan koefisien korelasi (r) 0,9993 untuk glimepirida dan 0,9992 untuk nortriptilin HCl. Metode ini telah divalidasi dengan presisi untuk baku dalam glimepirida dan nortriptilin HCl berturut-turut 3,52?7,28% dan 1,63?2,08%, dan akurasi (%diff) berturut-turut -14,69?9,53% dan -11,91? -4,03%. Dengan metode statistik independent sample t-test disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan baku dalam glimepirida lebih bagus dan lebih cocok untuk analisis vardenafil dalam plasma in vitro dibandingkan notrtiptilin HCl."

"Obat SERBU (Serba Seribu) merupakan program yang diluncurkan oleh pemerintah pada tahun 2007 untuk membantu masyarakat dalam memperoleh obat-obatan dengan harga yang terjangkau, agar masyarakat dapat memperoleh obat di warung dan toko obat sehingga diharapkan dapat melakukan pengobatan terhadap diri sendiri sebelum ke pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan dan pengetahuan tentang obat SERBU dengan penggunaan obat SERBU. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan pengambilan sampel secara Purposive Sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 100 orang masyarakat Kukusan yang pernah menggunakan dan membeli obat SERBU.Dari penelitian diperoleh gambaran 42% responden menggunakan obat SERBU dan 58% tidak menggunakan obat SERBU. Karateristik responden yang menggunakan obat SERBU adalah responden usia 17-35 tahun sebesar 41,4%, responden dengan pendidikan SMA-Perguruan Tinggi sebesar 37,6%, responden yang bekerja sebesar 39,7% dan responden yang memiliki pengetahuan tinggi sebesar 35,2%. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan bermakna antara pendidikan (p=0,001) dan pengetahuan tentang obat (p=0,031), serta tidak adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara usia (p=0,860) dan pekerjaan (p=0,498) dengan penggunaan obat SERBU.Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan bermanfaat dalam mesosialisasikan obat SERBU kepada masyarakat. Disarankan agar pemerintah terus mensosialisasikan obat SERBU untuk lebih meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat terhadap obat SERBU.

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"SERBU" medicine is a government's program launched in 2007 to help the society to get the achievable price medicine, so that the society can obtain the drugs at the stall and drugstore and also they are expected to do self medication before go to the healthcare service center. The purpose of the research is to get the correlation between age, education, jobs and knowledge with the using of "SERBU" medicine. This research used Cross Sectional design and Purposive Sampling method and about 100 people in Kukusan area who have consumed and bought "SERBU" medicine as the sample.The result of the research shows about 42% of the respondents consumed ?SERBU? medicine while the 58% does not consumed. The characteristics of those who consume the medicine are about 41.4% of the respondents are 17-35 years old, 37.6% are respondents with high school and university education, 39.7% are respondents with job and 35.2% of the respondents are those high-knowledged people. Bivariat analysis shows the correlations between education (p=0.001) and knowledge about medicine (p=0.031) with the consumption of "SERBU" medicine, and also shows the unrelated connection between age (p=0.860) and job (p=0.498) with the consumption of "SERBU" medicine.This result is expected to be useful for socialization to the society about "SERBU" medicine and also can. It is recommended the government can increase the effort to socialize "SERBU" medicine to increase the society's knowledge on "SERBU" medicine."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian terhadap analisis beberapa sterol menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi dalam ampaskecap. Analisis dilakukan pada kolom f ase terbalik dengandetektor UV pada panjang gelombang 213 nm menggunakan beberapafase gerak dan kecepatan aliran yang divariasi serta temperatur kolom 40 °C.Pemisahan yang baik diperoleh dengan menggunakan fasegerak metanol absolut dengan kecepatan aliran 0,25 ml/menit,Stigmasterol dan kampesterol dapat dipisahkan dengan baik darisitosterol, namun pemisahan antara stigmasterol dan kampesterol belum cukup baik (B= 0,7).Penerapan metode di atas terhadap ampas kecap menunjukkan bahwa ampas kecap mengandung stigmasterol (0,1 - 0,2 mg/g bobot kering), kampesterol (0,2 - 0,3 mg/g bobot kering) , dan sitosterol (0,4 - 0,6 mg/g bobot kering). Kandungan sterol total adalah lebih kurang 1 mg/ g bobot kering."

"The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) telah mengklasifikasikan benzo(a)piren ke dalam grup 2A (berpotensi sebagai karsinogenik pada manusia). Benzo(a)piren ditemukan dalam makanan yang dipanggang dengan pemanasan pada temperatur tinggi (di atas temperatur 200ºC), dengan kandungan lemak tinggi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis benzo(a)piren dalam sate yang berasal dari ayam broiler dipanggang di atas arang hingga matang, ayam broiler dipanggang di atas arang hingga setengah matang, ayam kampung dipanggang di atas arang hingga matang, ayam kampung dipanggang di atas arang hingga setengah matang, ayam broiler dipanggang di dalam oven hingga matang secara kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Metode ini menggunakan kolom C18-RP dengan detektor UVVis pada panjang gelombang 296 nm, fase gerak asetonitril-air (90:10), dan laju alir 1,2 mL/menit. Waktu retensi yang dibutuhkan benzo(a)piren adalah ± 10,1 menit. Sampel disaponifikasi dengan KOH dalam metanol menggunakan refluks, kemudian disari dengan n-heksana. Filtrat heksana yang telah dipekatkan dipisahkan dengan kromatografi kolom silika gel-alumina (1:1) dengan eluen diklorometana. Rentang kurva kalibrasi 0,01-0,25 μg/mL menunjukkan nilai linieritas 0,99998; dengan batas deteksi 0,001455 μg/mL; batas kuantitasi 0,004849 μg/mL; dan koefisien variasi sebesar 0,3828 %. Kadar benzo(a)piren dalam lima sampel yang dianalisis yaitu 0,6026±0,005 μg/g; 0,5064±0,002 μg/g; 0,204±0,008 μg/g; 0,1034± 0,00017 μg/g; 0,0422± 0,00015 μg/g.

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The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified benzo(a)piren in group 2A (probably carcinogenic for humans). The studies show that benzo(a)piren was found in food with strongly heated (more than 200 ºC) and content high fat. In this research, analysis benzo(a)piren in sate from a broiler chicken in charcoal grilled, local chicken in charcoal grilled, and broiler chicken in oven grilled. This method used C-18 column, acetonitril-air (90:10) as mobile phase, at the flow 1,2 mL/minutes and detection at 296 nm. Sample was saponification with 2 M KOH in methanol refluks for two hours, than the filtrate extraction with n-hexane, and clean-up with column chromatography with dichlormetane as mobile phase and silica gel-alumina (1:1) as a stationary phase. Calibration curve was perfomed in the range 0,01-0,25 μg/mL, the result show good linierty with coefficient of correlation of 0,99998, limit of detection 0,001455 μg/mL; and limit quantitation 0,004849 μg/ml and repeatability 0,3828%. The level of benzo(a)piren in five sate are 0,6026±0,005 μg/g; 0,5064±0,002 μg/g; 0,204±0,008 μg/g; 0,1034±0,00017 μg/g; 0,0422±0,00015 μg/g."