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"Gen CSF3syn adalah gen sintetis yang dibangun secara in vitro menggunakan teknik PCR, yang mengkode Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (hG-CSF) yang termasuk dalam hematopoiesis sitokin. Protein hG-CSF berperan dalam merangsang proliferasi, diferensiasi, dan pematangan sel progenitor granulosit. Penelitian sebelumnya telah berhasil memasukkan kodon metionin ke ujung 5 'dari gen CSF3syn, menghasilkan gen metCSF3syn. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengubah vektor rekombinan pGAPZα-metCSF3syn menjadi strain Pichia pastoris SMD1168H, untuk mengekspresikan protein met-hG-CSF sebagai biosimilar dari filgastrim. Vektor rekombinan pGAPZα-metCSF3syn diisolasi dari Escherichia coli DH5α, kemudian dilinierisasi menggunakan enzim restriksi BamHI. Vektor rekombinan diubah menjadi P. pastoris menggunakan teknik elektroporasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koloni P. pastoris transforman tumbuh pada media YPD yang mengandung 100 μg / mL zeosin. Koloni transforman kemudian diseleksi pada medium yang sama dengan konsentrasi zeosin 500 μg / mL. Semua koloni yang diuji tumbuh dengan baik pada media seleksi, menunjukkan bahwa sel transforman secara genetik stabil dan resisten terhadap zeosin. Verifikasi gen metCSF3syn dilakukan dengan teknik koloni PCR, diperoleh 7 dari 8 klon positif yang menunjukkan pita gen metCSF3syn sebesar 532 bp yang menunjukkan klon tersebut mengandung gen target dalam genomnya. Analisis SDS-PAGE menunjukkan klon yang membawa gen metCSF3syn berhasil mengekspresikan protein met-hG-CSF dengan berat molekul 18,8 kDa, sesuai dengan bobot molekul teoritisnya. Hasil kuantifikasi protein pada analisis Western blot menunjukkan bahwa klon nomor 1 memiliki tingkat ekspresi tertinggi. Peningkatan ekspresi protein met-hG-CSF dan jumlah sel P. pastoris transforman berbanding lurus dengan waktu kultur menggunakan metode kultur sistem fed-batch.

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CSF3syn gene is a synthetic gene constructed in vitro using PCR technique, which encodes Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (hG-CSF) which is included in cytokine hematopoiesis. The hG-CSF protein plays a role in stimulating the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of granulocyte progenitor cells. Previous research has succeeded in inserting a methionine codon into the 5 'end of the CSF3syn gene, resulting in the metCSF3syn gene. This study aims to convert the recombinant vector pGAPZα-metCSF3syn into a strain of Pichia pastoris SMD1168H, to express the met-hG-CSF protein as a biosimilar from filgastrim. The recombinant vector pGAPZα-metCSF3syn was isolated from Escherichia coli DH5α, then linearized using BamHI restriction enzyme. The recombinant vector was converted into P. pastoris using electroporation techniques. The results showed that P. pastoris transforman colonies grew on YPD media containing 100 μg / mL zeosin. Transformant colonies were then selected on the same medium with a zeosin concentration of 500 μg / mL. All the colonies tested grew well on the selection media, indicating that the transformant cells were genetically stable and resistant to zeosin. Verification of the metCSF3syn gene was carried out using PCR colony technique, obtained 7 out of 8 positive clones which showed the metCSF3syn gene band of 532 bp, indicating that the clone contained the target gene in its genome. SDS-PAGE analysis showed a clone carrying the metCSF3syn gene was successful in expressing the met-hG-CSF protein with a molecular weight of 18.8 kDa, according to its theoretical molecular weight. The results of protein quantification in Western blot analysis showed that clone number 1 had the highest expression level. The increase of met-hG-CSF protein expression and the number of transforman P. pastoris cells were directly proportional to the culture time using the fed-batch system culture method."

"ABSTRAKEpidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) adalah salah satu varian mutan dari protein human EGFR. Mutasi yang terjadi pada EGFR menyebabkan terjadinya kanker. Berbagai mutan EGFR, termasuk EGFRvIII, telah banyak dipelajari karena potensinya sebagai molekul target dalam terapi kanker. Gen penyandi domain ekstraselular EGFRvIII telah berhasil dikonstruksi pada penelitian sebelumnya untuk studi ekspresi protein sebagai molekul target dalam terapi kanker. Penelitian bertujuan untuk subkloning gen EGFRvIII ke dalam plasmid ekspresi pPICZ? dan transformasi plasmid rekombinan ke dalam sel Pichia patoris SMD1168H. Fragmen gen EGFRvIII diperoleh melalui amplifikasi secara in vitro dengan teknik PCR plasmid pJ404-EGFFRvIII-bfp. Gen EGFRvIII tersebut telah terfusi dengan gen bfp penyandi blue fluorescent protein BFP pada ujung-C. Fusi gen tersebut disubklon ke dalam plasmid pPICZ? pada situs XhoI untuk memperoleh plasmid pPICZa-EGFRvIII-bfp . Plasmid rekombinan ditransformasikan ke dalam sel E. coli TOP10 F rsquo; dengan metode kejut panas. Plasmid rekombinan diseleksi dan dikarakterisasi dengan analisis PCR dan sequencing. Plasmid yang telah dikonfirmasi susunan basa dan ukurannya ditransformasikan ke dalam sel P. pastoris SMD1168H dengan metode elektroporasi untuk ekspresi protein rekombinan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fusi gen EGFRvIII-bfp 1317 bp telah berhasil disubklon ke dalam plasmid pPICZ? dan plasmid rekombinan pPICZ?-EGFRvIII-bfp berhasil ditransformasikan ke dalam P. patoris SMD1168H dengan efisiensi transformasi sebesar 90 CFU/ g DNA plasmid.

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ABSTRACTEpidermal growth factor receptor variant III EGFRvIII is one of the mutant variant of the EGFR protein. Mutations that occur in EGFR cause cancer. Various mutants of EGFR, including the mutant variant III have been widely studied because of their potential as target molecules in cancer therapy. The extracellular domain coding EGFRvIII gene has been successfully constructed in previous studies for the study of protein expression as a molecule target in cancer therapy. The objective of research are to subclone the EGFRvIII gene into the pPICZ expression plasmid then recombinant plasmid transformation into Pichia patoris SMD1168H cells. Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III EGFRvIII gene fragment was obtained with in vitro amplification by PCR of pJ404 EGFFRvIII bfp plasmid. Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III EGFRvIII gene has been fused with the bfp gene encoding blue fluorescent protein BFP at the C end. The gene fusion was subcloned into the pPICZ at the XhoI site to obtain the pPICZa EGFRvIII bfp plasmid. Recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli TOP10 F 39 cells by heat shock method. Recombinant plasmids were selected and characterized by PCR analysis and sequencing. The confirmed plasmid of the base structure and size is transformed into the P. pastoris SMD1168H cell by an electroporation method for the expression of the recombinant protein. Results showed that the fusion of the EGFRvIII bfp 1317 bp gene was successfully subcloned into the pPICZ and the recombinant plasmid pPICZ EGFRvIII bfp was successfully transformed into P. patoris SMD1168H with a transformation efficiency of 90 CFU g DNA plasmid."

"Gen CSF3syn adalah gen sintetik yang menyandi protein G-CSF. Protein G-CSF dapat diproduksi secara rekombinan. Sel inang alternatif yang dapat digunakan yaitu Pichia pastoris. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menyeleksi P. pastoris transforman yang stabil, mendapatkan P. pastoris transforman yang terintegrasi dengan gen CSF3syn, dan menganalisis ekspresi protein G-CSF pada P. pastoris transforman dengan promotor konstitutif GAP. Sebanyak 47 transforman berhasil diseleksi pada konsentrasi zeosin 1000 µg/ml. Analisis PCR menunjukkan gen CSF3syn sebesar 567 pb berhasil terintegrasi dalam genom P. pastoris. Analisis SDS PAGE, slot blot, dan western blot menunjukkan protein G-CSF berhasil diekspresikan. Analisis western blot menunjukkan G-CSF terglikosilasi ~20 kDa dan tidak terglikosilasi ~18 kDa. Selain itu, terdapat protein dengan berat molekul lebih dari protein target yaitu protein fusi terglikosilasi ~40--60 kDa.

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CSF3syn gene is a synthetic gene that encodes G-CSF protein. G-CSF protein can be produced by recombinant technique. Pichia pastoris can be used as an alternative host. The objectives of this study were to select stability of the P. pastoris transformant, to obtain P. pastoris transformants which were integrated with CSF3syn gene, and expressed G-CSF recombinant in P. pastoris using the constitutive GAP promoter. A total of 47 transformants were selected in YEPD medium with 1000 µg/ml zeocin.

Analyses by PCR confirmed the inserted CSF3syn gene in P. pastoris genome of 567 bp. Analyses of SDS PAGE, western blot, and slot blot showed that the G-CSF protein was expressed successfully. Western blot analyses showed that the bands of ~20 kDa as glycosylated G-CSF and ~18 kDa as non glycosylated G-CSF. The result also showed that the band with higher molecular mass ~40--60 kDa which was probably glycosylated fusion protein."

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Chikungunya merupakan penyakit menular yang bersifat re-emerging atau penyakit lama yang dapat tersebar kembali. Penyakit yang disebabkan virus chikungunya ini memiliki manifestasi klinis non-spesifik sehingga dibutuhkan metode diagnosis yang cepat dan akurat. Protein E2 yang dikode oleh gen E2 pada virus chikungunya berperan penting sebagai pengikatan reseptor sehingga berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam proses diagnosis penyakit chikungunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan protein rekombinan E2 sebagai bahan dasar produksi antibodi monoklonal yang akan digunakan dalam pengembangan perangkat diagnostik penyakit chikungunya. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan mencakup pembentukan plasmid rekombinan pPICZaA-E2, transformasi plasmid rekombinan pada sel inang Escherichia coli, analisis koloni transforman, transformasi plasmid rekombinan pada sel inang ekspresi Pichia pastoris X-33, analisis fenotipe, hingga ekspresi protein rekombinan E2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 281 koloni E. coli transforman pPICZaA-E2 dapat tumbuh pada medium yang mengandung antibiotik zeocin. Hasil analisis PCR koloni transforman menunjukkan gen E2 dengan ukuran 1.260 bp berhasil ditransformasikan ke sel inang E. coli menggunakan vektor pICZaA dengan ukuran 3.569 bp. Hasil analisis PCR genom berhasil mengamplifikasi gen AOX1 berukuran 2,2 kb dan 1,8 kb yang menunjukkan plasmid rekombinan berhasil terintegrasi pada genom P. pastoris dan menghasilkan fenotipe Mut⁺. Pita protein berukuran 40 kDa pada hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan protein E2 berhasil terekspresi.

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Chikungunya is known as an infectious, re-emerging disease. Because of the non-specific clinical manifestation, chikungunya needs a rapid and accurate diagnostic method for its detection. Envelope 2 (E2) protein coded by E2 gene in the genome of the virus has an important role as an attachment receptor to a cell that made it potential to be used for diagnosis. This research is aimed to obtain E2 recombinant protein as a basic material for monoclonal antibody production in chikungunya rapid diagnostic test kit development. Chikungunya E2 gene is amplified and ligated with pPICZaA vector to make recombinant DNA clones from E. coli. The clones then isolated and used for protein expression in P. pastoris. The result shows 281 transformants of E. coli colonies can grow on a selection medium that contains zeocin. Analysis of direct colony PCR show E2 gene was transformed and cloned using pPICZaA vector. Analysis of genomic PCR shows 2,2 kb and 1,8 kb bands formed that indicate AOX1 gene was amplified and the integration of recombinant plasmid pPICZaA to P. pastoris genome was successful. Visualization of protein electrophoresis shows protein band was formed at the size of40 kDa that indicate the protein expression was successful.

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"Gen sintetik anti-TfR-scFv telah dikonstruksi untuk mengkode protein rekombinan anti-TfR-scFv. Protein rekombinan tersebut dirancang untuk menghambat ikatan antara molekul transferin dengan reseptor transferin (TfR). Gen enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) digunakan dalam penelitian sebagai reporter gene untuk mengetahui ekspresi gen anti-TfR-scFv. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mensubkloning gen anti-TfR-scFv dan fusi gen scFv-egfp ke dalam vektor ekspresi pPICZα A pada Escherichia coli (E. coli) TOP10F’. Gen anti-TfR-scFv yang berada di dalam pJ-TfR-scFv diamplifikasi menggunakan teknik PCR. Fragmen gen anti-TfR-scFv yang berukuran 747 bp kemudian diligasi pada situs restriksi EcoRI pada vektor ekspresi pPICZα A dan ditransformasi ke dalam E. coli TOP10F’ untuk memperoleh vektor rekombinan konstruksi pertama (pPICZα_TfR). Gen egfp yang berukuran 753 bp diligasi dengan vektor rekombinan pPICZα_TfR dan ditranformasi ke dalam E. coli TOP10F’ untuk memperoleh vektor rekombinan konstruksi kedua (pPICZα_TfR_EGFP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua vektor rekombinan baik pPICZα_TfR maupun pPICZα_TfR_EGFP telah berhasil ditransformasikan ke dalam E. coli TOP10F’ dengan efisiensi transformasi 4,94 x 103 cfu/μg dan 6,74 x 103 cfu/μg plasmid DNA pada medium LSLB yang mengandung 25 μg/ml antibiotik zeocin. Hasil verifikasi menggunakan PCR, digesti, dan sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa gen anti-TfR-scFv dan fusi gen scFv- egfp berhasil disubkloning ke dalam vektor ekspresi pPICZα A.

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The anti-TfR-scFv synthetic gene is a gene encoding single chain variable fragment that prevents the bond between transferrin receptor (TfR) and transferrin molecule. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene was used in this study as reporter gene for monitoring expression of anti-TfR-scFv gene. The study was aimed to subclone anti-TfR-scFv synthetic gene and scFv-egfp fusion gene into pPICZα A expression vector on E. coli TOP10F’. The anti-TfR-scFv synthetic gene had been cloned previously in the cloning vector pJ-TfR-scFv and was amplified by PCR technique. Furthermore, the 747 bp fragment of anti-TfR- scFv synthetic gene was ligated into EcoRI restriction site in pPICZα A expression vector and transformed into E. coli TOP10F’ in order to obtain type I recombinant vector named pPICZα_TfR. The 753 bp fragment of egfp gene was ligated to recombinant vector pPICZα_TfR in order to obtain type II recombinant vector named pPICZα_TfR_EGFP. The results showed that both of recombinant vectors pPICZα_TfR and pPICZα_TfR_EGFP were successfully transformed into E. coli TOP10F’ with efficiency of transformation 4,94 x 103 cfu/μg dan 6,74 x 103 cfu/μg DNA plasmid in LSLB medium containing 25 μg/ml zeocin. The results of verification by PCR method, digestion, and sequencing showed that anti-TfR-scFv synthetic gene and scFv-egfp fusion gene were successfully subcloned into pPICZα A expression vector."

"Gen CalBsyn telah dikonstruksi untuk mengkode Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB). Enzim tersebut memiliki peranan penting sebagai biokatalis yang efektif di bidang bioteknologi dan industri. Sekuens gen CalBsyn telah dimodifikasi dengan menambahkan mutasi pada tiga asam amino untuk meningkatkan termostabilitas enzim tersebut. Gen enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) telah digunakan sebagai reporter gene untuk memvisualisasikan ekspresi gen CalBsyn. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mensubkloning gen CalBsyn dan fusi gen CalBsyn-egfp ke dalam vektor ekspresi pGAPZα pada Escherichia coli TOP10F’. Gen CalBsyn telah diisolasi dari vektor pJ912-CalBsyn dengan teknik digesti menggunakan enzim restriksi XhoI. Fragmen gen CalBsyn yang berukuran 1136 bp kemudian diligasikan pada vektor ekspresi pGAPZα dan ditransformasikan ke dalam E. coli TOP10F’ untuk mendapatkan vektor rekombinan pGAPZα- CalBsyn. Fragmen gen egfp yang berukuran 750 bp telah diisolasi dari vektor pTZ-egfp menggunakan teknik PCR, kemudian diligasikan ke dalam vektor rekombinan pGAPZα-CalBsyn dan ditransformasikan ke dalam E. coli TOP10F’ untuk mendapatkan vektor rekombinan pGAPZα-CalBsyn-egfp. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua vektor rekombinan pGAPZα-CalBsyn dan pGAPZα- CalBsyn-egfp telah berhasil ditransformasikan ke dalam E. coli TOP10F’ dengan nilai efisiensi transformasi sebesar 4,11 x 103 cfu/μg DNA plasmid dan 3,10 x 104 cfu/μg DNA plasmid di dalam medium seleksi mengandung zeocin [25 μg/ml].

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The CalBsyn gene was constructed to encode Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB). The enzyme has important role as the effective biocatalyst in biotechnology and industrial fields. The sequence of CalBsyn gene has been modified by mutation at three amino acids to improve thermostability of the enzyme. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene was used as reporter gene to visualize the expression of the CalBsyn gene. This research was aimed to subclone both CalBsyn gene and CalBsyn-egfp fusion gene into pGAPZα expression vector on Escherichia coli TOP10F’. The CalBsyn gene was isolated from pJ912-CalBsyn vector by digestion using XhoI restriction enzyme. The 1136 bp fragment of CalBsyn gene then was ligated to pGAPZα expression vector and transformed into E. coli TOP10F’ in order to obtain recombinant vector pGAPZα-CalBsyn. The 750 bp fragment of egfp gene that was isolated from pTZ-egfp vector using PCR technique was ligated to recombinant vector pGAPZα-CalBsyn and transformed into E. coli TOP10F’ to obtain pGAPZα-CalBsyn-egfp recombinant vector. The result showed that both recombinant vectors pGAPZα-CalBsyn and pGAPZα- CalBsyn-egfp were successfully transformed into E. coli TOP10F’ with transformation efficiency values 4,11 x 103 cfu/μg plasmid DNA and 3,10 x 104 cfu/μg plasmid DNA respectively in the selection medium containing zeocin [25 μg/ml]."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh Pichia pastoris transforman yang mengandung gen anti-TfR-scFv dan mengekspresikan protein rekombinan anti-TfR-scFv. Protein tersebut merupakan fragmen antibodi untai tunggal (singlechain-variable-domain, scFv) yang mengenali protein reseptor transferin yang dijumpai pada permukaan sel manusia. Gen anti-TfR-scFv telah diklon ke dalam vektor ekspresi pPICZ di bawah kontrol promoter terinduksi PAOX1 dan di fusi dengan sinyal sekresi MF- (mating factor-) dari Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gen anti-TfR-scFv juga di fusi dengan gen EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) pada ujung-C. Vektor rekombinan pPICZα_TfR_EGFP ditransformasi ke dalam P. pastoris SMD1168H menggunakan teknik elektroporasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa vektor rekombinan berhasil ditransformasikan ke dalam genom P. pastoris. Sebanyak 22 koloni transforman berhasil diperoleh dengan tingkat efisiensi transformasi sebesar 0,062x103 cfu/μg DNA. Proses seleksi transforman dilakukan pada medium seleksi YPD agar yang mengandung zeocin. Uji fenotipe Mut (methanol utilization) terhadap tujuh klona transforman memperlihatkan dua klona termasuk Mut+, empat klona MutS dan satu klona Mut-. Protein rekombinan telah berhasil diekspresikan secara ekstraselular. Visualisasi menggunakan mikroskop flouresen menunjukkan adanya pendaran fluoresen dari protein EGFP pada P. pastoris transforman yang mengindikasikan bahwa protein rekombinan telah terekspresi dengan benar. Analisis SDS-PAGE dan Western blotting menunjukkan protein rekombinan (±50kDa) berhasil dideteksi.

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This research aimed to obtain Pichia pastoris transformant containing anti-TfRscFv gene which express anti-TfR-scFv recombinant protein. This recombinant protein consist of a single-chain-variable-domain (scFv) recognizing the extracellular domain of human_transferrin_receptor found on the surface of human cell. The anti-TfR-scFv gene was cloned into pPICZ expression vector under the control of inducible promoter PAOX1 and fused with MF- (mating factor-) secretion signal from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene was also fused at the C-terminal with EGFP (enhanced-green-fluorescent-protein) reporter gene. The recombinant vector pPICZα_TfR_EGFP has been transformed into P. pastoris SMD1168H using electroporation technique.

The results showed that the recombinant vector has been successfully transformed into P. pastoris genome. A number of 22 transformant colonies has been obtained with a transformation efficiency number of 0,062x103 cfu/μg DNA. Screening process of transformants was carried out on YPD agar medium containing zeocin. Assay on the Mut (methanol utilization) phenotype of seven transformant clones showed that two of them are Mut+, four are MutS and one is Mut-. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed and secreted from the cell. Visualization using fluorescence microscopy showed fluorescent light coming out from the transformant cells, proving that the recombinant protein has been correctly expressed. The SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analyses showed that the recombinant protein (±50kDa) has been detected."

"Lignoselulosa dapat dijadikan sebagai biomassa untuk menghasilkan produk bahan bakar. Hidrolisis biomassa lignoselulosa menggunakan enzim selulase. Selulase mengandung dari 3 komplek enzim yaitu, eksoglukanase, endoglukanase dan betaglukosidase Namun, betaglukosidase memiliki jumlah lebih sedikit daripada eksoglukanase dan endoglukanase. Semakin sedikit betaglukosidase dapat memicu proses hidrolisis selulosa terhambat, oleh karena itu pengembangan betaglukosida perlu dilakukan dengan diekpresikan ke dalam Pichia pastoris. Transformasi plasmid pLIPI-TnBgl1A dilakukan dengan metode elektroporasi, sedangkan ekspresi gen dan hasil purifikasi protein rekombinan dianalisis menggunakan SDS-PAGE dan Western blot. Gen betaglukosidase dari Thermotoga neapolitana berhasil ditransformasikan kedalam Pichia pastoris. Transforman yang telah diseleksi menghasilkan 2 koloni positif. Berat molekuler protein diperkirakan sekitar 53 kDa dan jumlah protein estimasi 1 mg/mL dan 1,4 mg/mL. Hasil analisis kemurnian protein rekombinan melalui SDS PAGE dan western blot memperlihatkan pita tepat di 53 kDa. Jumlah yield protein yang terpurifikasi didapatkan sekitar 21,4 % dan 24,1%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa gen TnBgl1A telah berhasil ditransformasi dan terekspresikan dengan baik di Pichia pastoris dan protein rekombinan berhasil dipurifikasi dengan kemurnian yang cukup baik.

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Lignocellulose can be used as biomass to produce fuel products. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass using the cellulase enzyme. Cellulase contains 3 enzyme complexes, there are exoglucanase, endoglucanase and betaglucosidase. However, betaglukosidase has less amount than exoglucanase and endoglucanase. The less betaglucosidase can trigger the cellulose hydrolysis process is inhibited, therefore the development of betaglucoside needs to be done by expressing it into Pichia pastoris. Transformation of the pLIPI-TnBgl1A plasmid was performed by electroporation method, while gene expression and recombinant protein purification results were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The betaglucosidase gene from Thermotoga neapolitana was successfully transformed into Pichia pastoris. Transformants that have been selected produce 2 positive colonies. The molecular weight of protein is estimated to be around 53 kDa and the estimated protein amount is 1 mg/mL and 1.4 mg/mL. The results of the analysis of recombinant protein purity through SDS PAGE and western blot show the right band at 53 kDa. The amount of purified protein yield was around 21.4% and 24.1%. The results showed that the TnBgl1A gene was successfully transformed and well expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant protein was purified with good purity."