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"Program dinamik yang digunakan pada proses keputusan Markov adalah program dinamik probabi1istik yang melibatkan sejumlah state (keadaan) yang hingga, probabilitas antar state yang dinyatakan dengan rantai Markov dan matriks pengembalian (return) dimana elemen-elemennya dihasilkan dari perpindahan state. Objektif yang akan dicapai dari masalah adalah mencari kebijakan optimal yang akan memaksimumkan pendapatan (revenue) yang diharapkan dari proses yang terdiri dari sejumlah stage (tahap) yang hingga maupun tak hingga."

"Kronecker products are used to define the underlying Markov chain (MC) in various modeling formalisms, including compositional Markovian models, hierarchical Markovian models, and stochastic process algebras. The motivation behind using a Kronecker structured representation rather than a flat one is to alleviate the storage requirements associated with the MC. With this approach, systems that are an order of magnitude larger can be analyzed on the same platform. The developments in the solution of such MCs are reviewed from an algebraic point of view and possible areas for further research are indicated with an emphasis on preprocessing using reordering, grouping, and lumping and numerical analysis using block iterative, preconditioned projection, multilevel, decompositional, and matrix analytic methods. Case studies from closed queueing networks and stochastic chemical kinetics are provided to motivate decompositional and matrix analytic methods, respectively."

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Informasi mengenai penggunaan energi listrik merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam hal pengaturan distribusi jaringan listrik pada jaringan pintar skala kecil (smart micro grid). Selain itu informasi pemakaian energi listrik dapat membantu konsumen melakukan proses evaluasi pemakaian energi listrik untuk menekan biaya tagihan pembayaran listrik yang secara tidak langsung berpengaruh pada efisensi energi keseluruhan. Salah satu metode dalam proses pemantauan pemakaian energi listrik adalah Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). Permasalahan utama dalam NILM adalah mengetahui peralatan-peralatan elektronik yang ada dan mengetahui konsumsi energi listrik masing-masing peralatan dengan hanya melakukan proses pengambilan data hanya dari satu titik yang terhubung dengan semua peralatan elektronik pada jaringan listrik. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian menggunakan dataset AMPds dan REDD, nilai akurasi terendah yang didapatkan adalah sebesar 96,69% pada semua pengujian yang dilakukan.

 

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Information on electricity consumption is one of the essential elements in terms of regulating the distribution of electricity in smart micro grid. Besides, information on electricity consumption can help consumers carry out an evaluation process to reduce electricity bill costs, which indirectly affect overall energy efficiency. One method in the process of monitoring electricity consumption is Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). The main problem in NILM is electronic disaggregation equipment that exists and determines the electrical energy consumption of each appliance by merely performing the retrieval of data from only one point connected with all the electronic devices on the electrical grid. Based on the results of tests conducted using the REDD and AMPds dataset, the lowest accuracy was 96.69% for all tests performed.

 

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"This volume provides a general overview of discrete- and continuous-time Markov control processes and stochastic games, along with a look at the range of applications of stochastic control and some of its recent theoretical developments. These topics include various aspects of dynamic programming, approximation algorithms, and infinite-dimensional linear programming. In all, the work comprises 18 carefully selected papers written by experts in their respective fields."

"Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are discrete-state, discrete-time, stochastic dynamical systems. They are often used to approximate systems with continuous state spaces operating in continuous time. In addition to introducing the basic ideas of HMMs and algorithms for using them, this book explains the derivations of the algorithms with enough supporting theory to enable readers to develop their own variants. The book also presents Kalman filtering as an extension of ideas from basic HMMs to models with continuous state spaces.Although applications of HMMs have become numerous (396,000 Google hits) since they emerged as the key technology for speech recognition in the 1980s, no introductory book on HMMs in general is available. This text aims to fill that gap.Hidden Markov Models and Dynamical Systems features illustrations that use the Lorenz system, laser data, and natural language data. The concluding chapter presents the application of HMMs to detecting sleep apnea in experimentally measured electrocardiograms. Algorithms are given in pseudocode in the text, and a working implementation of each algorithm is available on the accompanying website."