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"Indonesia is one country with highest number cases of H5N1 influenza virus infection. Therefore, it is necessary to attempt to overcome the infection and prevent a pandemic. Vaccines are one of the effective efforts for the prevention of infectious diseases. This study will be developed H5N1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine detection system with green fluorescent protein (GFP). H5N1 VLP and GFP protein encoding plasmid was constructed in a transient pBACgus4x-1 which has four promoters of baculovirus expression, two polh promoters and two p10 promoters. Construction of plasmid transient conducted gradually. Each H5N1 VLP protein (HA, NA, and M) encoding gene and the eGFP gene was inserted in a different promoter.Based on analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes and sequencing, the recombinant plasmid construction pBACM1H5N1eGFP successfully obtained. Co-transfection of pBACM1H5N1eGFP with BacVector® 1000 showed GFP successfully expressed. GFP expressed continuously from co-transfection until 5th passage and used as a parameter of recombinant baculovirus infection and VLP encoding protein expression. Until the passage of the 5th, the highest percentage of expression is 3%. PCR results have confirmed the presence of VLP and GFP gene in Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus.Results of immunostaining using polyclonal antibodies against HA, NA and M are observed in confocal microscopy have shown the presence of H5N1-forming protein expression is at GFP expressing cells. GFP detection system to control the H5N1 VLP expression has been successfully performed. The increase of titer recombinant baculovirus in Sf9 cells is required to detect recombinant baculovirus and VLP.

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Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan kasus infeksi virus influenza H5N1 terbanyak dibandingkan negara lainnya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan usaha untuk menanggulangi infeksi dan mencegah terjadinya pandemi. Vaksin merupakan salah satu upaya yang efektif untuk pencegahan penyakit infeksi. Dalam penelitian ini akan dikembangkan vaksin virus-like particle (VLP) H5N1 dengan sistem pendeteksi green fluorescent protein (GFP). Protein pengkode VLP H5N1 dan GFP dikonstruksi dalam satu plasmid transien pBACgus4x-1 yang memiliki empat promotor ekspresi baculovirus yaitu dua promotor polh dan dua promotor p10. Konstruksi plasmid transien dilakukan secara bertahap. Setiap gen pengkode VLP H5N1 (HA, NA, dan M) serta gen eGFP diinsersi di promotor yang berbeda.Berdasarkan hasil analisis polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzim restriksi dan sekuensing, konstruksi plasmid rekombinan pBACM1H5N1eGFP berhasil diperoleh. Kotransfeksi pBACM1H5N1eGFP dengan BacVector® 1000 memperlihatkan GFP berhasil diekspresi. Protein GFP berhasil diekspresi secara kontinu dari tahap ko-transfeksi hingga pasase ke-5 dan dijadikan sebagai parameter infeksi baculovirus rekombinan dan ekspresi protein pembentuk VLP. Hingga pasase ke-5, persentase ekspresi paling tinggi hanya 3%. Hasil PCR telah mengkonfirmasi adanya gen penyandi VLP dan GFP di sel SF9 yang terinfeksi baculovirus rekombinan.Hasil immunostaining menggunakan antibodi poliklonal terhadap HA, NA dan M yang diamati pada mikroskop konfokal telah menunjukkan adanya ekspresi protein pembentuk H5N1 yang berada pada sel pengekspresi GFP. Sistem pendeteksi GFP untuk kontrol ekspresi VLP H5N1 telah berhasil dilakukan. Peningkatan titer baculovirus rekombinan pada sel SF9 diperlukan untuk mendeteksi Baculovirus rekombinan dan VLP."

"Indonesia is one country with highest number cases of H5N1 influenza virus infection. Therefore, it is necessary to attempt to overcome the infection and prevent a pandemic. Vaccines are one of the effective efforts for the prevention of infectious diseases. This study will be developed H5N1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine detection system with green fluorescent protein (GFP). H5N1 VLP and GFP protein encoding plasmid was constructed in a transient pBACgus4x-1 which has four promoters of baculovirus expression, two polh promoters and two p10 promoters. Construction of plasmid transient conducted gradually. Each H5N1 VLP protein (HA, NA, and M) encoding gene and the eGFP gene was inserted in a different promoter.Based on analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes and sequencing, the recombinant plasmid construction pBACM1H5N1eGFP successfully obtained. Co-transfection of pBACM1H5N1eGFP with BacVector® 1000 showed GFP successfully expressed. GFP expressed continuously from co-transfection until 5th passage and used as a parameter of recombinant baculovirus infection and VLP encoding protein expression. Until the passage of the 5th, the highest percentage of expression is 3%.PCR results have confirmed the presence of VLP and GFP gene in Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus. Results of immunostaining using polyclonal antibodies against HA, NA and M are observed in confocal microscopy have shown the presence of H5N1-forming protein expression is at GFP expressing cells. GFP detection system to control the H5N1 VLP expression has been successfully performed. The increase of titer recombinant baculovirus in Sf9 cells is required to detect recombinant baculovirus and VLP.

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Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan kasus infeksi virus influenza H5N1 terbanyak dibandingkan negara lainnya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan usaha untuk menanggulangi infeksi dan mencegah terjadinya pandemi. Vaksin merupakan salah satu upaya yang efektif untuk pencegahan penyakit infeksi. Dalam penelitian ini akan dikembangkan vaksin virus-like particle (VLP) H5N1 dengan sistem pendeteksi green fluorescent protein (GFP). Protein pengkode VLP H5N1 dan GFP dikonstruksi dalam satu plasmid transien pBACgus4x-1 yang memiliki empat promotor ekspresi baculovirus yaitu dua promotor polh dan dua promotor p10. Konstruksi plasmid transien dilakukan secara bertahap. Setiap gen pengkode VLP H5N1 (HA, NA, dan M) serta gen eGFP diinsersi di promotor yang berbeda.Berdasarkan hasil analisis polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzim restriksi dan sekuensing, konstruksi plasmid rekombinan pBACM1H5N1eGFP berhasil diperoleh. Kotransfeksi pBACM1H5N1eGFP dengan BacVector® 1000 memperlihatkan GFP berhasil diekspresi. Protein GFP berhasil diekspresi secara kontinu dari tahap ko-transfeksi hingga pasase ke-5 dan dijadikan sebagai parameter infeksi baculovirus rekombinan dan ekspresi protein pembentuk VLP. Hingga pasase ke-5, persentase ekspresi paling tinggi hanya 3%.Hasil PCR telah mengkonfirmasi adanya gen penyandi VLP dan GFP di sel SF9 yang terinfeksi baculovirus rekombinan. Hasil immunostaining menggunakan antibodi poliklonal terhadap HA, NA dan M yang diamati pada mikroskop konfokal telah menunjukkan adanya ekspresi protein pembentuk H5N1 yang berada pada sel pengekspresi GFP. Sistem pendeteksi GFP untuk kontrol ekspresi VLP H5N1 telah berhasil dilakukan. Peningkatan titer baculovirus rekombinan pada sel SF9 diperlukan untuk mendeteksi Baculovirus rekombinan dan VLP."

"Virus Influenza A H5N1 sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang signifikan. Kemampuan genetic drift dan shift virus dapat menjadi ancaman bagi efikasi vaksin influenza A H5N1 yang ada saat ini. Pengembangan vaksin influenza berbasis respon sel T CD8 diharapkan dapat memberikan daya proteksi silang yang lebih luas. FATTC-CTL assay merupakan suatu metode pengukuran aktivitas sel sitotoksik sel T CD8 melalui kuantifikasi lisis sel target pengekspresi antigen dan protein penanda oleh sel T CD8. Tahapan awal untuk pembuatan FATTC-CTL assay adalah konstruksi plasmid penyandi mRNA bisistronik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkonstruksi plasmid penyandi mRNA bisistronik pengekspresi protein Hemaglutinin (HA) dari H5N1 dan protein penanda enhanced Green Fluorescent (eGFP) melalui sistem internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Gen eGFP, HA H5N1, dan elemen IRES HIV-1 diklona ke dalam vektor ekspresi mamalia pcDNA5FRT/TO. Konstruksi plasmid rekombinan penyandi mRNA bisistronik tersebut kemudian ditransfeksi transien ke dalam sel CHO-K1. Analisis ekspresi dari plasmid bisistronik dilakukan dengan pengamatan hasil pewarnaan imunofluoresens menggunakan mikroskop konfokal. Kuantifikasi ekspresi sel pengekspresi eGFP diketahui menggunakan perangkat TALI cytometer. Hasil sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa gen Hemaglutinin (HA) H5N1, sekuen IRES HIV-1, dan eGFP berhasil diklona ke dalam vektor plasmid pcDNA5FRT/TO. Pengujian transfeksi transien terhadap seluruh klona plasmid, yaitu plasmid wild type pcDNA5FRT/TO, pcDNA5FRT/TO-eGFP, pcDNA5FRT/TO-IRESHIV1-GFP, pcDNA5FRT/TO-HA H5N1 dan pcDNA5FRT/TO-HA H5N1-IRESHIV1-GFP ke dalam sel CHO-K1 menunjukkan bahwa protein Hemaglutinin dan eGFP berhasil diekspresikan. Perbandingan rerata sel CHO-K1 pengekspresi eGFP dari sel setelah ditransfeksi dengan setiap konstruksi plasmid tersebut di atas menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi eGFP pada sel CHO-K1 ditransfeksi plasmid rekombinan pengekspresi mRNA bisistronik HA dan eGFP relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan yang ditransfeksi plasmid rekombinan pengekspresi mRNA monosistronik eGFP maupun plasmid rekombinan pengekspresi mRNA bisistronik yang mengandung gen penyandi eGFP dan IRES HIV-1.

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H5N1 Influenza A infection remains a significant human and animal health problem in the worldwide. The continuous antigenic drift and shift of virus can become threatens the efficacy of the influenza vaccines nowadays. Development of CD8 T cells response based influenza vaccine is expected to provide the broader cross protection. Fluorescent Antigen-Transfected Target Cell-CTL (FATT-CTL) assay is currently developing method to measure the activities of CD8 cytotoxic T cells. The aim of this study is to construct and transiently expressing the bicistronic vector carried H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA H5N1) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene, linked with internal ribosome entry site element of HIV-1. The eGFP, HA H5N1, and IRES HIV-1 gene were cloned into pcDNA5FR/TO plasmid. The recombinant plasmid encoding bicistronic mRNA was transiently transfected into CHO-K1 cell. Analysis of the bicistronic plasmid expression were done by indirect immunofluorescence and visualized with confocal microscope. Quantification of cells expressing eGFP protein were done by using TALI cytometer.

The nucleotide sequencing result showed that the open reading frame of the Hemaglutinin (HA) H5N1–IRES HIV-eGFP DNA was accurately cloned into pcDNA5FRT/TO. Transient transfection of all the plasmid constructs (wild type pcDNA5FRT/TO, pcDNA5FRT/TO-eGFP, pcDNA5FRT/TO-IRESHIV1-GFP, pcDNA5FRT/TO-HA H5N1 and pcDNA5FRT/TO-HA H5N1-IRESHIV1-GFP) show that hemagglutinin and enhanced green fluorescent protein successfully expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Comparison of mean CHO-K1 cells expresssing eGFP from cells after transfected with each plasmid construction above shows that EGFP expression in CHO-K1 cells transfected recombinant plasmids expressing HA and eGFP bicistronic mRNA relatively lower than those transfected recombinant plasmid expressing EGFP mRNA monocistronic and recombinant plasmid expressing bicistronic mRNA containing EGFP-coding genes and IRES HIV-1."

"Kromosom merupakan substansi genetik pada makhluk hidup yang diwariskan ke generasi selanjutnya. Kromosom terbentuk melalui proses kondensasi selama siklus sel. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kondensasi kromosom adalah protein scaffold dan kation divalen, terutama ion kalsium (Ca2+). Peran ion kalsium terhadap kromosom masih terbatas pada kromosom manusia dan belum pernah dilaporkan pada kromosom tumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peran ion kalsium terhadap struktur kromosom barley menggunakan mikroskop fluoresens dan scanning electron microscope. Kromosom barley diisolasi kemudian diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA sebagai agen pengikat ion kalsium dan PBS sebagai kontrol. Terdapat perbedaan panjang dan struktur kromosom barley setelah diberikan perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dibandingkan dengan kromosom kontrol. Kromosom kontrol memiliki panjang rata-rata 5,3 μm dengan struktur kromosom yang padat, sedangkan kromosom dengan perlakuan BAPTA memiliki panjang rata-rata 10,7 μm dengan struktur kromosom lebih renggang dan kurang padat. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ion kalsium memiliki peranan penting dalam menjaga struktur kromosom barley.

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Chromosomes are genetic substances in living organisms that are passed on to the next generation. Chromosomes are formed through the process of condensation during the cell cycle. Factors that influence chromosome condensation are scaffold proteins and divalent cations, especially calcium ions (Ca2+). The role of calcium ions on chromosomes is still limited to human chromosomes and has never been reported on plant chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of calcium ions on the structure of barley chromosomes using a fluorescence microscope and scanning electron microscope. The barley chromosome was isolated and then treated with 1 mM BAPTA as a calcium ion chelating agent and PBS as a control. According to the data obtained, there are differences in length and structure of barley chromosomes after being treated with 1 mM BAPTA compared to control chromosomes. The control chromosome has an average length of 5.3 μm with a compact chromosome structure and chromosomes with BAPTA treatment have an average length of 10.7 μm with a less condense chromosome structure. These results indicated that calcium ions have an important role on maintaining the structure of barley chromosomes."

"Tongue squamous cell carcinoma, a relatively requent malignancy in the oral cavity has a great tendency to metastasize to regional lymph nodes that worsens the prognosis of the disease. The anti metastasis gene NM23, encodes a 17 KD cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins has shown controversy behaviour as metastatic suppressor in human cancer. An observational study using immunohistochemical staming method with LSAB (-) technique was conducted on 41 paraffin block specimens to show the relationship between significance of the expression of NM23 protein as a marker for cancer metastasis and the staging, cancer grading and the positive regional head and neck lymph nodes. Statistical significance of difference was evaluated using Chi square test (p<0.01). The result showed that there was an inverse relationship between expression of NM23 protein and the cancer grading as well as frequency of the positive regional head and neck lymph nodes supporting the role of NM23 as metastasis suppresor factor that may be useful for predicting tongue squamous cell carcinoma metastasis."

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Chikungunya merupakan penyakit menular yang bersifat re-emerging atau penyakit lama yang dapat tersebar kembali. Penyakit yang disebabkan virus chikungunya ini memiliki manifestasi klinis non-spesifik sehingga dibutuhkan metode diagnosis yang cepat dan akurat. Protein E2 yang dikode oleh gen E2 pada virus chikungunya berperan penting sebagai pengikatan reseptor sehingga berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam proses diagnosis penyakit chikungunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan protein rekombinan E2 sebagai bahan dasar produksi antibodi monoklonal yang akan digunakan dalam pengembangan perangkat diagnostik penyakit chikungunya. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan mencakup pembentukan plasmid rekombinan pPICZaA-E2, transformasi plasmid rekombinan pada sel inang Escherichia coli, analisis koloni transforman, transformasi plasmid rekombinan pada sel inang ekspresi Pichia pastoris X-33, analisis fenotipe, hingga ekspresi protein rekombinan E2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 281 koloni E. coli transforman pPICZaA-E2 dapat tumbuh pada medium yang mengandung antibiotik zeocin. Hasil analisis PCR koloni transforman menunjukkan gen E2 dengan ukuran 1.260 bp berhasil ditransformasikan ke sel inang E. coli menggunakan vektor pICZaA dengan ukuran 3.569 bp. Hasil analisis PCR genom berhasil mengamplifikasi gen AOX1 berukuran 2,2 kb dan 1,8 kb yang menunjukkan plasmid rekombinan berhasil terintegrasi pada genom P. pastoris dan menghasilkan fenotipe Mut⁺. Pita protein berukuran 40 kDa pada hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan protein E2 berhasil terekspresi.

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Chikungunya is known as an infectious, re-emerging disease. Because of the non-specific clinical manifestation, chikungunya needs a rapid and accurate diagnostic method for its detection. Envelope 2 (E2) protein coded by E2 gene in the genome of the virus has an important role as an attachment receptor to a cell that made it potential to be used for diagnosis. This research is aimed to obtain E2 recombinant protein as a basic material for monoclonal antibody production in chikungunya rapid diagnostic test kit development. Chikungunya E2 gene is amplified and ligated with pPICZaA vector to make recombinant DNA clones from E. coli. The clones then isolated and used for protein expression in P. pastoris. The result shows 281 transformants of E. coli colonies can grow on a selection medium that contains zeocin. Analysis of direct colony PCR show E2 gene was transformed and cloned using pPICZaA vector. Analysis of genomic PCR shows 2,2 kb and 1,8 kb bands formed that indicate AOX1 gene was amplified and the integration of recombinant plasmid pPICZaA to P. pastoris genome was successful. Visualization of protein electrophoresis shows protein band was formed at the size of40 kDa that indicate the protein expression was successful.

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