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"On floods and its control in Semarang, Indonesia."

"Flood is indeed a big problem in Jakarta as a metropolitan city. From the colonial era to present day, flood has not yet been resolved adequately. Fisiography cycles, space competition, and the management of flood seem to be significant factors affected the continuous problem of flood in Jakarta.Seeing from the perspective of tisiography which is related to geomorphology, geology, and hydrology, ?lowland of Jakarta formed from rivers? sedimentation thousand years ago. This in fact has formed areas below the sea level like swamp and lake areas. Sedimentation process was accelerated after the eruption of the Motmt Salak in 1699, in which newly lowland has been increasing each year around 15-50 metres depending on flood and wind direction. Due to this sedimentation, Jakarta topography is flat where water could not tlow smoothly.The emergence of Jakarta as settlement areas originated from the Sunda Kelapa Kingdom that developed in the Jakarta coastal area. This process of settlement has developed rapidly along with the VOC conquered Jakarta. Being a central of the colonial trading, population has increased dramatically that also extended the size of Jakarta. In 1830, the city extended toward southem part, well-know as Weltevreden. Menteng was built in 1918 alter the development of Jakarta itself.The increasing number of population from 1948 - 1950 was occurred when the capital of the country moved from Yogyakarta to Jakarta. After 1970s population booming has happened in Jakarta which consequently increasing number of buildings could not be avoided. The construction of housing complexes, trading centres, and industries have even conducted in the restricted areas for any buildings, including the environmental geology area of 1,2 and 3. The impact of these constructions could be clearly seen through the decreasing of absorbing water areas. Therefore, flooding areas have increased rapidly. From 1892 to 1930 flood had been around Weltevreden area, but in 1985 floods have reached the outskirts of Jakarta, including Bintaro, Ciputat, and Pasar Minggu.To solve the flood, structural approach has been applied since 1911. During colonial period flood, especially in 1919, the canal of Kali Malang and Manggarai water control were built. After the independence, 1970 - 1985, floods have been managed by constructing Cengkareng drain, Cakung drain and so forth. Though government has spent a lot of funding, flood could not be stopped it. Flood is indeed a difficult homework for government of Jakarta."

"Kota Singkawang merupakan salah satu kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat yang berada pada dataran aluvial, sehingga mengakibatkan kota tersebut menjadi rawan akan bahaya banjir. Banjir terjadi setiap tahunnya dan mengakibatkan kerugian baik secara sosial dan ekonomi. Banjir di pusat Kota Singkawang terakhir kali terjadi pada tahun 2016 yang mengakibatkan banyaknya bangunan yang tergenang dan ratusan warga harus dievakuasi. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat bahaya banjir, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan melakukan penilaian kerugian ekonomi. Tingkat bahaya banjir diperoleh dengan melakukan overlay pada parameter karakteristik banjir, yaitu frekuensi, durasi, dan tinggi banjir. Metode dalam penilaian kerugian dilakukan dengan metode stratified random sampling dengan total sampel sebanyak 99 sampel, dimana diambil 3 sampel untuk tiap nilai bangunan pada tiap kelas bahaya banjir terdapat 11 nilai bangunan di pusat Kota Singkawang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah penelitian di dominasi oleh banjir dengan bahaya rendah dan sedang dengan persentase luasan 44,02 dan 43,03, serta bahaya tinggi sebesar 12.95 yang didominasi pada wilayah barat daerah penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian kerugian, diperoleh total kerugian akibat banjir sebesar Rp15.838.232.500 1,150 million USD. Terdapat perbedaan sebaran kerugian pada wilayah barat dan timur daerah penelitian, dimana kerugian pada wilayah barat lebih tinggi karena didominasi oleh bangunan-bangunan dengan kategori usaha. Hasil penelitian tidak hanya sebatas jumlah kerugian, namun juga melihat distribusi spasial dari kerugian tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai upaya pengembangan mitigasi bencana pada wilayah dengan tingkat bahaya banjir serta kerugian ekonomi yang tinggi, serta dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam proses perencanaan pembangunan agar lebih memperhatikan aspek kebencanaan.

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Singkawang City is in the Province of West Kalimantan, which is located above an alluvial plain, that causing the city to be prone of flood. Floods that occur annually have result in social and economic losses. The last flood that occurred in the centre of Singkawang City happened in 2016, which resulted in many flooded buildings and hundreds evacuated resident. Based on that background, this research is to identify the hazard level of flooding and then proceed with the assessment of economic losses based on the floods that occurred. The flood hazard level is obtained by overlaying the flood characteristics parameters, i.e. frequency, duration, and height of the flood. The method for assessing the rate of the damage is done by stratified random sampling method with total sample of 99 samples, in which 3 samples were taken for each building value in each level of flood hazard there are 11 building values in the centre of Singkawang City.

The result showed that the region was dominated by floods with high and medium classification, with percentage of area 44,02 and 43,03, and high classification with percentage of 12,95, which is dominated in western part of the region. The loss assessment for this research shows that the total loss from the flood is Rp15.838.232.500 1.150 million USD. There is a difference in the distribution of losses in the western and eastern part of the research area, where the losses in the western part of the region are higher, which is because it is dominated in the business district. The result of this study not only limited to the amount of losses, but also to identify the spatial distribution of these losses. This research is conducted as an effort to develop disaster mitigation in areas with high flood hazard and economic losses, also can be used as a reference in the regional development to pay more attention to the disaster aspect."

"Pelacakan banjir adalah prosedur untuk menentukan waktu dan besarnya aliran di suatu titik dari suatu hidrograf yang diketahui atau diasumsikan pada satu atau lebih titik di hulu. Pelacakan banjir dapat dilakukan sebesar areal DAS ataupun alur DAS. Pada penelitian ini, pelacakan banjir dilakukan pada alur. Terdapat dua metode pelacakan banjir di alur yang memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan, yaitu metode Muskingum-cunge dan metode Kinematic Wave. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efisiensi dari metode pelacakan banjir melalui alur menggunakan metode Muskingum-cunge (metode dengan kebutuhan data sedikit) dan metode Kinematic Wave (metode yang kebutuhan datanya lebih detail). Efisiensi dievaluasi berdasarkan perbandingan hasil simulasi terhadap data pengamatan. Hasil simulasi kedua metode berupa hidrograf yang menunjukan besar debit dalam rentang waktu tertentu. Aspek utama hidrograf yang dibandingkan adalah besar debit puncaknya. Dari hasil perbandingan yang telah dilakukan, dapat diketahui bahwa hasil simulasi menggunakan metode Kinematic Wave memberikan besar debit puncak yang lebih mendekati pengamatan dibandingkan debit puncak simulasi dengan metode Muskingum-cunge. Akan tetapi, beda kedua hasil simulasi menunjukan hasil tidak begitu jauh, walaupun metode Kinematic Wave menggunakan data yang lebih detail. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut disimpulkan bahwa metode Muskingum-cunge lebih efisien dibanding metode Kinematic Wave dalam melakukan pelacakan banjir karena memberikan hidrograf yang cukup mendekati dengan kebutuhan data yang lebih sedikit.

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Flood routing is a procedure to determine the time and magnitude of a flow at a point from a hydrograph that is known or assumed at one or more points upstream. Flood tracking can be done as large as watershed area or watershed flow. In this study, flood tracking was carried out on the reach. There are two methods of flood tracking in the reach that have significant differences, namely Muskingum-cunge method and Kinematic Wave method. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the method of flood tracking through flow using the Muskingum-cunge method (a method with little data requirements) and the Kinematic Wave method (a method that needs more detailed data). Efficiency is evaluated based on comparison of simulation results with observational data. The simulation results of the two methods are in the form of a hydrograph which shows the amount of discharge in a certain time period. The main aspect of the hydrograph that is compared is the large peak discharge. From the results of comparisons that have been made, it can be seen that the simulation results using Kinematic Wave method give a large peak discharge which is closer to the observation than the peak simulation discharge with Muskingum-cunge method. However, the two different simulation results show results not so far, although the Kinematic Wave method uses more detailed data. Based on these results it can be concluded that Muskingum-cunge method is more efficient than Kinematic Wave method in conducting flood tracking because it provides a hydrograph that is close enough to fewer data requirements.

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"Banjir merupakan bencana yang paling sering terjadi di Indonesia, termasuk di Jakarta. Jakarta telah mengalami banjir besar akibat hujan yang lebat terutama pada tahun 1996, 2002, 2007, 2013, dan 2014 yang mengakibatkan kerusakan yang cukup besar dan memakan korban jiwa. Menganalisis pola spasial tingkat kerentanan wilayah Kecamatan Cengkareng terhadap banjir berdasarkan keterpaparan bahaya banjir dan penilaian kerentanan sosial merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Data kejadian banjir tahun 2015-2019 digunakan untuk mendapatkan wilayah keterpaparan banjir. Data kependudukan digunakan untuk mendapatkan wilayah tingkat kerentanan sosial. Kerentanan wilayah terhadap banjir di Kecamatan Cengkareng didominasi oleh tingkat kerentanan sangat rendah yakni dengan persentase 93,8% dari total luas wilayah. Sisanya merupakan tingkat kerentanan rendah sebesar 1,4%, sedang 2,5%, tinggi 2,1% dan sangat tinggi 0,2%. Tingkat kerentanan sangat tinggi hanya terdapat di RW 16 Kelurahan Cengkareng Timur dengan luas banjir 4 hektar. Tingkat kerentanan wilayah sangat tinggi dibentuk oleh tingkat keterpaparan banjir tinggi dan tingkat kerentanan sosial sangat tinggi.

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Flood is the most frequent disaster in Indonesia, including in Jakarta. Jakarta has experienced heavy flooding due to heavy rain, especially in the 1996, 2002, 2007, 2013 and 2014 which caused considerable damage and casualties. Analyzing the spatial pattern level of vulnerability of place in Cengkareng District towards flood based on flood exposure and social vulnerability assessment is the purpose of this study. Data of flood events in 2015-2019 were used to obtain the area of flood exposure. Population data is used to obtain the area of social vulnerability. Vulnerability of place in Cengkareng District towards Flood is dominated by a very low level of vulnerability with a percentage of 93.8% of the total area. Low vulnerability percentage is 1.4%, moderate 2.5%, high 2.1% and very high 0.2%. The very high level of vulnerability only takes place in RW 16 of Cengkareng Timur Sub-District with a flood area about 4 hectares. The very high level of vulnerability formed by a high level of flood exposure and a very high level of social vulnerability."

"Semarang merupakan salah satu kota terbesar di Pulau Jawa yang sangat rawan terhadap banjir rob. Luas dan batas wilayah, Kota Semarang dengan luas wilayah 373,70 Km2. Topografi wilayah pesisir utara Semarang adalah landai dan sebagian besar wilayahnya memiliki ketinggian yang hampir sama dengan tinggi permukaan laut (BAPPEDA dalam Ramadhany (2011). Sedangkan Sarbi di (2002) mengatakan bahwa Kota Semarang memiliki garis pantai sepanjang ± 13,6 KM. Wilayah pesisir utara Semarang juga sering mengalami banjir rob yang dikarena masuk nya air laut ke daratan seperti pada kasus pada tanggal 23 Mei 2022 yang banjir rob mencapai ± 1 meter. Untuk mengurangi risiko banjir rob, bencana pengelola dan perencana kota memerlukan metode pengelolaan risiko bencana alam yang terencana dengan baik berdasarkan peta risiko bencana daerah. Tujuan penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menganalisa masalah banjir rob pada tanggal 23 Mei 2022 di wilayah Tanjung Mas-Semarang. Untuk mengembangkan peta risiko bencana, validasi dan prediksi banjir rob dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab banjir rob. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat menjadi acuan bagi pemerintah kota Semarang dalam pembangunan infrastruktur yang leih baik dan dampak banjir rob tidak terlalu berdampak serta dapat teratasi dengan mengetahui beberapa faktor pendukung yang dapat memperparah banjir rob.

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Semarang is one of the largest cities in Java Island that is very prone to tidal flooding. Area and boundaries, Semarang City with an area of 373.70 Km2. The topography of the northern coastal area of Semarang is gentle and most of its area has an altitude that is almost the same as sea level height (BAPPEDA in Ramadhany et al. (2011). Meanwhile, Sarbi di (2002) said that Semarang City has a coastline along ± 13.6 KM. The northern coastal area of Semarang also often experiences tidal flooding which is due to the entry of seawater into the mainland as in the case on May 23, 2022, where tidal floods reached ± 1 meter. To reduce the risk of tidal flooding, disaster managers and urban planners need a well-planned natural disaster risk management method based on the city's disaster risk map. The purpose of this study intends to analyze the problem of tidal flooding on May 23, 2022 in the Tanjung Mas-Semarang area. To develop a disaster risk map, validation and prediction of tidal floods are carried out to determine the factors causing tidal floods. The results of this study can be a reference for the Semarang city government in developing good infrastructure and the impact of tidal floods is not too impactful and can be resolved by knowing several supporting factors that can aggravate tidal floods."

"Pembahasan mengenai daerah banjir meliputi dua kurun waktu, yalta tahun 1973 dan tahun 1983. Sedangkan materi yang dibahas meliputi segi fisik yaitu lereng, ketinggian, hutan dan curah. hujan, segi keadaan hidrologi yaita debit air, erosi dan pengendapan serta tinggi permukaan air. Daerah banjir yang dimakaud yalta genangan air yang diakibatkan oleh meluapnya air Ci. Manuk melalui tanggul atau air ke luar melalui tanggul yang jebol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh proyek penanggulangan banjir di daerah muara Ci Manuk terhadap pola daerah banjir di daerah aliran. Ci Manuk serta perubahan produktifitas tanaman pangan ( padi dan palawija ) di daerah muara Ci Manuk. àdapun masaish yang dibahas di dalam tulisan Ini adalah Bagaimanakah pola daerah banjir di daerah aliran Cl Manuk sebelum dan sesudah selesainya proyek penanggulangan banjir di daerah muara Cl Manuk 7Faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan terjadinya banjir tersebut 7 Bagaimanakah produktifitas tanaman pangan ( padi dan palawija ) sebeluin dan sesudah selesainya proyek penanggulangan banjir di daerah muara Ci Manuk 7"