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"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kompleks kitosan-alginat terhadap pelepasan propranolol HCl dari mikrosfer. Kitosan merupakan polimer kationik yang akan membentuk kompleks dengan polimer anionik seperti natrium alginat dengan kalsium klorida sebagai coagulation agent. Mikrosfer dievaluasi bentuk dan morfologi, distribusi ukuran partikel, kandungan obat dan uji pelepasan obat. Uji pelepasan obat secara in vitro dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat uji disolusi tipe I (keranjang) dengan medium asam klorida pH 1,2 dan dapar fosfat pH 7,5. Sampel diambil setelah 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 6; dan 8 jam dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar jumlah polimer maka penghambatan pelepasan obat akan semakin besar.The study was conducted to know the influence of chitosan-alginate complex for propranolol hydrochloride released from microspheres. Chitosan as cationic polymer can made a complex with anionic polymer such as sodium alginate with calcium chloride as coagulation agent. Microspheres was evaluated with shape and morphology particle distribution analysis, drug content and drug release studies. In vitro drug release was studied using the dissolution apparatus I (basket) with acid chloride (pH 1,2) and phosphate buffer (pH 7,5) as medium. Samples was collected after 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 6; and 8 hours and analyzed using spectrophotometric method. The results showed that drug released influenced by polymer. With higher polymer, the drug released slower."

"Chitosan is a polycatonis biopolymer that can form gel in acidic environment so that can be used as a hydrophilic matrix in controlled release drug delivery system. In this research, propranolol hydrochloride controlled release granule was made in chitosan matrix. Granules were made by wet granulation method with variety of matrices, i.e. chitosan, hydroxypropyl mthylcellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC). HPMC and EC were used as a comparing matrix. The release rates of propranolol HCl from matric were determined by using dissolution apparatus type I with 50 rpm stirring rotation in acidic media of pH 1,2 and base media of pH 7.5 for 8 hours. Sample was taken at certain time and the samples were anakyzed by spetrophotometer. The result showed that the release of propranolol hydrocholride from chitosan matrix was the slowest compared to the other matrices."

"Chitosan is a polycatonic biopolymer that can form gel in acidic environment so that can be used as a hydrophilic matrix in controlled release drug delivery system. In this research, propranolol hydrochloride controlled release granule was made in chitosan matrix. Granules were made by wet granulation method with variety ofmatrices, i.e. chitosan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC). HPMC and EC were used as a comparing matrix. The release rates of propranolol HCl from matrix were determined by using dissolution apparatus type I with 50 rpm stirring rotation in acidic media of pH 1,2 and base media of pH 7,5 for 8 hours. Sample was taken at certain time and the samples were analyzed by spectrophotometer.The result showed that the release of propranolol hydrochloride from chitosan matrix was the slowest compared to the other matrices."

"The effect of carnauba wax consentration to pharmacotechnical characteristics on the granules and tablets that made by hot melt granulation method have been studied.Formula I? V with composition : 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% w/w carnauba wax, propranolol hydrochloride 60 mg/tablet and lactose to the 340 mg was mixed and melted, and than sieved to the mesh 16 siever. The granules were evaluated and lubricated by 1% magnesium stearat and 2% talcum. Then it were compressed into tablet which each weight was 350 mg and the tablets were evaluated. The results showed that hot melt granulatin form granules and tablets that acceptable pharmacotechnical properties."

"The effect of carnauba wax consentration to pharmacotechnical characteristics on the granules and tablets that made by hot melt granulation method have been studied.Fomula I? V with composition : 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% w/w carnauba wax,propranolol hydrochloride 60 mg/tablet, and lactose to the 340 mg was mixed and melted, and than sieved to the mesh 16 siever. The granules were evaluated and lubricated by 1% magnesium stearat and 2% talcum. Then it were compressed into tablet which each weight was 350 mg and the tablets were evaluated. The results showed that hot melt granulatin form granules and tablets that acceptable pharmacotechnicalproperties."

"Mikrokapsul adalah sediaan obat yang dapat memberikan pola pelepasan obat secara lambat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola pelepasan propranolol hidroklorida dari mikrokapsul yang dibuat dengan menggunakan pati singkong suksinat sebagai bahan penyalut. Mikroenkapsulasi dilakukan menggunakan metode penguapan pelarut dengan perbandingan zat aktif-penyalut 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3. Mikrokapsul yang dihasilkan dievaluasi ukuran partikel, kandungan zat aktif tersalut, dan pola pelepasan obatnya. Pola pelepasan obat diamati dengan uji disolusi menggunakan alat Tipe I (keranjang) dengan medium dapar klorida pH 1,2 selama 2 jam dan dapar fosfat pH 6,8 selama 6 jam. Mikrokapsul yang dihasilkan tidak menunjukan pola pelepasan obat secara lambat, pada jam ke-2 propranolol hidroklorida yang telah dilepas sebanyak 85-91% dan pada jam ke-8 telah dilepas sebanyak 92-95%. Pelepasan obat dari mikrokapsul terjadi secara cepat karena propanolol hidroklorida tidak tersalut dengan baik sehingga tidak dihasilkan mikrokapsul yang bagus. Hal ini diperkirakan karena pati singkong suksinat tidak cocok sebagai bahan penyalut mikrokapsul, atau metode yang dipergunakan tidak cocok untuk melakukan mikroenkapsulasi menggunakan pati singkong suksinat."

"α-Mangostin adalah senyawa dari ekstrak kulit manggis yang terbukti mampu menjadi zat bioaktif dalam metode pelepasan terkendali untuk pengobatan kanker usus. Preparasi mikrosfer kitosan dalam pelepasan terkendali berpengaruh untuk menghasilkan mikrosfer obat yang mampu memberikan hasil rilis terkendali senyawa bioaktif terbaik pada sistem pencernaan. Metode preparasi dengan agen penaut silang tripolifosfat (TPP) dibuat dengan variasi perbandingan kitosan dan alginat 1:0,1; 1:0,25; 1:0,5; 1:0,75. Metode gelasi ionotropik dengan alginat dilakukan untuk mencegah peluruhan mikrosfer kitosan pada lambung. Uji rilis α-Mangostin menggunakan kitosan dengan berat molekul rendah (LMWCS), sedang (MMWCS) dan tinggi (HMWCS). Pelepasan terkendali di uji secara in vitro di sistem pencernaan dengan metode seri untuk menjerat obat. Hasil mikrosfer kitosan-alginat dievaluasi berdasarkan kandungan senyawa bioaktif dalam kitosan, efisiensi penjerapan α-Mangostin, serta profil rilis senyawa α-mangostin. Mikrosfer kitosan-alginat dengan menggunakan kitosan BM sedang dan tinggi memiliki rilis yang rendah pada semua kondisi variasi alginat. Kondisi profil rilis terbaik didapatkan dari mikrosfer kitosan alginat yang menggunakan kitosan BM rendah dengan kondisi optimum pada mikrosfer kitosan alginat dengan perbandingan 1:0,1.

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α-Mangostin proven as bioactive of controlled release for colon cancer treatment. Preparation of microspheres of chitosan in controlled release can produce good release in digestive system. Preparation of microsfer using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross linking agent with a variation ratio of chitosan and alginate 1: 0.1; 1: 0.25; 1: 0.5;and 1: 0.75 . In Vitro tests in series method has used to entrape the drug. The microsphere preparation use ionotropic gelation method to prevent α-Mangostin release in the stomach. α-Mangostin release testing using a low molecular weight chitosan (LMWCS), medium (MMWCS) and high (HMWCS). The results of chitosan-alginate microsphere evaluated based on the content of bioactive compounds in chitosan, the efficiency entrapment of α-Mangostin,and profile release of α-mangostin. Chitosan-alginate matric which using MW medium and high chitosan show a slow release on all variations of alginate ratio. The best conditions of release profiles obtained from chitosan alginate microspheres using low MW of chitosan with optimum conditions on chitosan alginate microspheres with a ratio of 1: 0,1."

"ABSTRAKProtein kedelai tersuksinilasi merupakan protein kedelai yang termodifikasi secara kimia dan berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai pembentuk matriks mikrosfer. Protein kedelai disuksinilasi dengan suksinat anhidrida 100% b/b dalam suasana basa. Protein kedelai tersuksinilasi yang diperoleh memiliki derajat suksinilasi 35,74±0,38%, menunjukkan peak pada bilangan gelombang 1653 cm-1 mengindikasikan gugus karbonil amida yang terbentuk, memiliki nilai uji daya larut pada pH 1,2 sebesar 0,21±0,010 gram/100 ml dan pada pH 7,5 sebesar 0,35±0,003 gram/100 ml, serta memiliki kemampuan mengembang pada pH 1,2 sebesar 33,21±2,04% dan pada pH 7,5 sebesar 66,36±2,12%. Mikrosfer lepas lambat propranolol hidroklorida dibuat dengan eksipien konsentrat protein kedelai dan protein kedelai tersuksinilasi sebagai matriks menggunakan alat spray dryer dan dihasilkan mikrosfer dengan ukuran partikel 11,54-16,79 µm, nilai presentase rendemen 36,46-58,91%, dan nilai efisiensi penjerapan 95,75-99,81%. Formula 2 menahan pelepasan obat paling baik dalam medium pH 1,2 dengan nilai pelepasan obat kumulatif 14,44±0,10% selama 1 jam dan 63,05±0,40% jika dilanjutkan dalam medium pH 7,5 hingga jam ke-12.

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ABSTRACTSuccinylated soybean protein was chemically-modified soybean protein that could be used as matrix for sustained release microspheres containing propranolol hydrochloride. Soybean protein was succinylated with anhydride succinic 100% w/w in basic condition. Succinylated soybean protein had degree of succinylation 35.74±0.38%, showed peak in wave numbers 1653 cm-1 on IR spectrum which was indicating formed amide carbonyl group, had solubility index 0.21±0.010 gram/100 ml in aqueous medium pH 1.2 and 0.35±0.003 gram/100 ml in aqueous medium pH 7.5, and had swelling index 33.21±2.04% in aqueous medium pH 1.2 and 66.36±2.12% in aqueous medium pH 7.5. Sustained release microspheres containing propranolol hydrochloride were made by using spray dryer and obtained microspheres had particle diameters 11.54-16.79 µm, had yield values 36.46-58.91%, and had encapsulation efficiency values 95.75-99.81%. Second formula was the best formula that could sustain drug release in the aqueousmedium pH 1.2 with the value of cumulative drug release 14.44±0.10% for 1 hour and 63.05±0.40% if it was continued in aqueous medium pH 7.5 up to 12 hours."

"Tanaman binahong merupakan tanaman yang memiliki manfaat positif, salah satunya adalah sebagai anti-inflamasi pada daerah saluran pencernaan. Pembuatan mikropartikel kitosan-ekstrak daun binahong tersalut alginat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode taut silang antara kitosan ndash; TPP ndash; ekstrak binahong dan gelasi ionotropik Alginat - CaCl2 sebagai penyalut kitosan, dengan variasi kandungan alginat dalam mikropartikel. Mikropartikel kemudian diujikan dalam media fluida sintetik untuk mendapatkan komposisi dan profil pelepasan bahan aktif ekstrak binahong dengan bantuan alat analisis spektrofotometer sinar tampak. Hasil yield dan loading tertinggi didapatkan pada variasi yang tidak mengandung alginat dengan nilai yield 83,8 dan loading 1,23 . Pada hasil pengujian rilis, didapatkan mikropartikel dengan resistansi tertinggi dimiliki oleh Variasi 3 dengan rasio kitosan:alginat 1:0,25, dan hasil pelepasan tertinggi dimiliki Variasi 1 dengan rasio kitosan:alginat 1:0,1. Pengamatan hasil uji pelepasan terhadap mikropartikel menunjukkan adanya potensi komposisi mikropartikel sebagai penghantar obat anti-inflamasi ke daerah saluran pencernaan, khususnya lambung.

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Binahong plant has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various ailments and is known for it beneficial properties, namely its anti inflammatory properties. Fabrication of microparticle is done by using a cross linking method of chitosan ndash TPP ndash binahong extract and alginate ionotropic gelation of Alginate ndash CaCl2 encapsulation of the chitosan with the variation of Alginate in the microparticle. The microparticles are then released in synthetic fluids media to achieve composition and release profile of the active compounds in Binahong extracts using a Spectrophotometer Vis Vis device. Highest yield and loading are achieved with the first variation of microparticle with the ratio of Chitosan Alginate 1 0, with the value of yield reaching 83,8 and 1,23 for loading. In in vitro release, the microparticle variation that has the highest resistance in the synthetic fluids is achieved by the third variation with the Chitosan Alginate ratio of 1 0,25, and the highest cumulative release is achieved by the first variation with Chitosan Alginate ratio of 1 0. Observation of the release results indicates the potential of the matrix compositions as a carrier of anti inflammatory drugs to the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach."