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"Forty-five isolates of endophytic fungi from six Indonesian medicinal plant stems such as sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata [Burm.f.] Ness), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus [Blume] Miq), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L), sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav), sirih hitam (Piper betle L), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King) have been isolated and screened. Fermentation was conducted over 14 days by using the media Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB).The product of fermentation process was extracted with ethyl acetate. The antidiabetic assay was performed using α-glucosidase test. The isolates A.Ap.3F, A.Ap.4F, B.Ap.4F, B.Os.1F, A.Pc.1F, B.Pc.1F and B.Pc.2F showed antidiabetic activity. The antioxidant performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The isolates A.Ap.3F, B.Ap.1F, B.Pc.1F have the antioxidant activity compare vitamin C as a control. Isolates A.Ap.3F by IC50 31,45 ppm, isolates B.Ap.1F by IC50 86,29 ppm and isolates B.Pc.1F by IC50 95,46 ppm. Identification of endophytic fungi A.Ap.3F done microscopically. Molecular identification A.Ap.3F endophytic fungi is Colleotrichum truncatum strain PDC032. Fermentation of A.Ap.3F isolates is carried out using 2 methods; static fermentation and dynamic fermentation. The results shown that with static fermentation method produced 0.19 g (9.5%) of mass of filtrate and biomass weight 0.56 g(28%); and with dynamic fermentation produced mass of filtrate 0.68 g (34.17%) and bomass weight 0.77 g ( 38.50%). Separation results bioproduction A.Ap.3F endophytic fungi by column chromatography obtained five fractions. GCMS analysis of the fraction I consist of three fatty acids are hexadecanoid acid, 9-octadecenoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Analysis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQ, HMBC and GCMS that isolates II-3 from fraction II obtained from fraction II-3 II are compounds octadecanoic acid [C18H34O2]. GCMS analysis suggested that isolates III-2 fraction III is a compound with m / z = 256.1 and m / z = 282.. GCMS analysis suggested that isolates IV-3- fraction IV are compound with m / z = 256.1 and m / z = 282 and isolates V-6-fraction V is a compound with m / z = 221, m/z =256, m/z=282 and m / z = 346. Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase were highest for isolates III-2-fraction II by 85.45% and isolates IV-3-fractions IV by 87.72%.

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Isolasi dan skrining kapang endofit dari batang 6 tanaman obat Indonesia seperti, sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata [Burm.f.] Ness), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus [Blume] Miq), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L), sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav), sirih hitam (Piper betle L), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King),), dan diperoleh 45 isolat kapang. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 14 hari dengan menggunakan media Potato Dextrose Broth dan hasil fermentasi kemudian diekstraksi dengan etil asetat. Skrining dilakukan dengan mengunakan uji α-glucosidase. Hasil skrining menunjukan bahwa isolat kapang A.Ap.3F, A.Ap.4F, B.Ap.4F, B.Os.1F, A.Pc.1F, B.Pc.1F dan B.Pc.2F, memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes. Aktivitas antioksidan isolat kapang A.Ap.3F dengan nilai IC50 31,45 ppm, B.Ap.1F dengan IC50 86,29 ppm dan B.Pc.1F dengan IC50 95,46 ppm. Identifikasi secara molekuler kapang A.Ap.3F adalah Colleotrichum truncatum strain PDC032. Pada fermentasi statis kapang A.Ap.3F didapatkan berat filtrat 0,19 g (9,5%) dan berat biomassa 0,56 g (28%), sedangkan hasil fermentasi dinamis didapatkan berat filtrat 2,05 g (34,17%) dan berat biomassa 2,31g (38,50%). Kromatografi kolom (50:1 ~ 1:1) hasil bioproduksi kapang endofit AAp.3F memberikan 5 fraksi. Hasil analisis GC-MS diperoleh bahwa Fraksi I terdiri dari tiga senyawa asam lemak yaitu, asam heksadekanoat, 9,12-oktadekadienoat dan oktadekanoat . Hasil analisa 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC dan HMBC dan GCMS diketahui bahwa isolat II-3 fraksi II adalah senyawa asam oktadekanoat [C18H34O2]. Hasil analisa GCMS diduga bahwa isolat III-2 fraksi III adalah senyawa dengan m/z = 256,1 dan m/z = 282. Hasil analisa GCMS diduga bahwa isolat IV-3 Fraksi IV adalah senyawa dengan m/z = 248 dan m/z = 280,1. Hasil analisis GC-MS diperoleh bahwa senyawa isolat V-6 fraksi V adalah isolat yang terdiri terdiri dari empat komponen senyawa utama yaitu senyawa dengan m/z = 221, m/z = 256, m/z = 282 dan m/z = 346. Aktivitas inhibisi terhadap α-Glucosidase yang paling tinggi adalah isolat III-2 Fraksi II sebesar 85,45% dan isolat IV-3 Fraksi IV sebesar 87,72%."

"The higher plants are hospes for one or more endophytic microbes.Microbes can make one or more biological compounds that predicted as aconsequence from coevolution or transferred genetic to microbes in themutualism simbiosis to parasitism. Microbes can also produce secondarymetabolites similar with their hospes.Endophytic microbes have been known to be potential as the sourcesof active compound for medicines by growing in Phoma media. In the future,prospectively the active compound for medicines not have to extract from thetree or chemical synthesis. Khamir isolated (Fn) from Cinchona pubsscens,Vahl had been identified as Sporidiobolus salmonlcolor will produce theactive compounds similar to their hospes.This study was aimed to isolate and elusidate the chemical stucture ofcinchona alkaloid from the fermentation product of endophytic microbes InPhoma media. The study has been carried out at Natural ProductLaboratory, Research Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute ofSciences, Ciblnong, Bogor from March - December 2002.The Isolated the khamir (Fn or Sporidiobolus salmonicolor ) wasIncubated In Phoma media for 14 days. The fermentation culture wasseparated between biomass and supematan and extracted with CHCI3 anddried. Purification carried out by column chromatography (Si02, CHCI3 -CH3OH), and the obtained chinchona alkaloid was identified by HPLC.Determination of chemical structure was based on Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS)spectra, Fourier transform Infra red spectrometry (FTIR), Gaschromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) and data Nuclear magneticresonance spectra (^H and ^^C-NMR, DEPT, 'H-^H COSY ; COSY)The Fermentation results that production of cinchona alkaloids optimalat eighth days and yielded cinchona alkaloids 32,81 mg/L."

"Artemisinin merupakan sesquiterpen lakton yang terdapat pada daun dan bunga tanaman Artemisia annua L. Artemisinin adalah obat antimalaria yang memiliki struktur kimia yang berbeda dan memiliki efikasi yang lebih tinggi. Artemisia annua L. adalah tanaman asli daerah subtropis dan dapat diintroduksi ke daerah tropis seperti Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan karakterisasi artemisinin dari Artemisia annua L. yang dibudidaya di Lembang, Indonesia. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metanol, kemudian dipartisi dengan heksan, dan proses pemisahan secara kromatografi kolom dengan eluen etil asetat/heksan. Isolat dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan KLT, FTIR, spektrofotometer UV, dan spektroskopi HNMR. Diperoleh S4 sebagai hasil isolasi fraksi heksan, sejumlah 2,0 mg ( 0,016% b/b) yang memiliki karakter mirip dengan artemisinin.

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Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone present in leaves and inflorescences of wild Artemisia annua L. This subtances is an antimalarial agent with a totally different chemical structure and higher efficacy. Artemisia annua L. is original plant of subtropical area, but it can introduced into tropical area like Indonesia. The aim of this research is to isolated and characterized artemisinin from Artemisia annua L., which cultivated in Lembang, Indonesia. Extraction were carried out with methanol as a solvent, partition by using hexane, and separated process by column chromatography with hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent. Isolate were characterized by TLC, FTIR, spectrophotometer UV, and spectroscopy HNMR. A number of 2,0 mg (0,016% w/w) S4 obtained, as a result of isolation of hexane fraction, have a similar characteristic with artemisinin."

"Endofit merupakan mikroba yang hidup di dalam jaringan tanaman dan merupakan hubungan simbiosis mutualisme. Senyawa metabolit hasil fermentasi kapang endofit dapat digunakan sebagai sistem pertahanan bagi tumbuhan terhadap bakteri dan jamur patogen. Beberapa senyawa bioaktif yang dihasilkannya juga berfungsi sebagai sumber potensial obat baru.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari sumber potensial antimikroba dan antioksidan kapang endofit yang diisolasi dari ranting dan daun tanaman Garcinia mangostana. Fermentasi dilakukan terhadap kapang endofit yang telah diisolasi. Hasil fermentasi kapang endofit diekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut organik etil asetat, n-butanol, dan methanol.Hasil ekstraksi yang diperpoleh berupa fraksi-fraksi dari masing-masing pelarut organik . Ekstrak yang diperoleh diuji aktivitasnya sebagai antimikroba dan antioksidan. Uji aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan metode cakram dan uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan menggunakan radikal 1,1-difenilikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Uji aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhosa, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Khamir Candida albicans, dan kapang Aspergillus niger.Hasil menunjukkan zona hambat terbesar dihasilkan oleh ekstrak R2.M terhadap Bacillus subtilis (12,85 mm) dan terhadap Staphylococcus aureus (11,90 mm). Aktivitas antioksidan terbaik diperoleh dari ekstrak n-butanol R18.B dengan nilai IC50 107,71 μg/ml.Endophytes are microbial entities that live within living tissue of plants and have symbiotic mutualism relationship. Metabolite compounds as a result of fermentation of endophytic fungi are useful as a defense against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Some of bioactive compounds that are produced by endophytic fungi are also useful for novel drug discovery.

This research was done to screen new potential sources for antimicrobial and antioxidant agent from endophytic fungi that were isolated from twigs and leaves of Garcinia mangostana. Fermentation was done to endophytic fungi which had been isolated from sample. The fermentation products of endophytic fungi were extracted by using organic solvent ethyl acetate, nbuthanol, and methanol.

The result was some fractions from each solvent that was used. The extracts then were tested as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial assay was done by using the disc method and antioxidant was tested by using free radical 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antimicrobial assay was done against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhosa, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, dan Aspergillus niger.

The result showed that the largest zone of inhibition was performed by R2.M extract against Bacillus subtilis (12.85 mm) and against Staphylococcus aureus (11.90 mm). The best antioxidant activity was resulted from R18.B extract with IC50 107.71 μg/ml."

"Telah dilakukan uji aktivitas antimikroba isolat hasil isolasi kapang endofit dari batang tanaman Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menyeleksi kapang endofit penghasil antimikroba dari batang pada tanaman Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. Larutan uji didapat melalui proses fermentasi isolat-isolat kapang dalam media cair lalu disentrifugasi. Uji aktivitas dilakukan dengan metode cakram / cara difusi, pengamatan dilakukan dengan mengukur diameter zona hambatan yang dihasilkan larutan uji isolat terhadap mikroba uji. Seleksi antimikroba dilakukan terhadap bakteri Gram positif Bacillus subtilis dan Staphylococcus aureus, bakteri Gram negatif Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Salmonella thyphosa serta khamir Candida albicans dan kapang Aspergillus niger. Masing-masing isolat secara spesifik aktif menghambat pertumbuhan Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, dan Salmonella thyphosa. Tidak ada isolat yang menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans dan Aspergillus niger.

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It has been done an antimicrobial activity test of isolate from endophytic fungi isolation. This research is aimed to isolation and selection the endophytic fungi with ability to produce antimicrobial agents from the Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. . The extract liquid got through the process fermentation of isolate’s in liquid media, which then being centrifused. The bioassay conducted by disk method / diffuse method, that is by measuring the diameter of clear zone produced by the extract of isolates toward test microbes. Antimicrobial selection conducted toward positive Gram bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, negative Gram bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella thyphosa, also Candida albicans yeast and Aspergillus niger. Each isolate specifically were active against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella thyphosa. No isolate against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger."

"In Vitro Propagation of Artemisia annua. Rossa Yunita and Endang G. Lestari. Artemisinin, an anti-malarial medi- cine isolated from the annual wormwood Artemisia annua, has a marked activity against chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum. This compound is useful for treatment of cerebral malaria. An in vitro propagation system for A. annua has been de- veloped. Shoots were induced by culturing seeds of A. annua on a MS medium containing BAP (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/l). Shoots were also formed on each seedling cultured on the same medium. Root formations were obtained from shoots that were subcultured on a MS medium containing IBA (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2 mg/l). The results showed that MS medium supplemented with BAP 0.3 mg/l was the best medium for induction and multiplication of the shoots, while the MS medium supplemented with IBA (1 mg/l) was good for root formations."