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"Banyak jenis-jenis Gastropoda masih mempunyai masalah taksonomi. Salah satu di antaranya adalah mengenai keong sawah Bellamya javanica dan Bellamya sumatrensis. Beberapa ahli menganggap B. sumatrensis hanyalah sinonim dari B. javanica. Hal ini didukung oleh perbedaan morfologi dan corak cangkang yang sering kali mirip antara kedua keong tersebut. Namun demikian berdasarkan morfologi cangkang dari meteri yang dikumpulkan, menganggap keong tersebut terdiri atas dua jenis. Bellamya sumatrensis bercangkang agak ramping (tidak seramping B. javanica), berwarna hijau terang (lebih hijau terang dari B. javanica) dan mempunyai garis spiral yang nyata. Walaupun B. javanica sangat bervariasi tetapi ia meragukan B. sumatrensis sinonim dari B. javanica. Dari pengamatan morfologi dan anatomi terlihat adanya beberapa perbedaan antara B. javanica dan B. sumatrensis. Pusar pada B. javanica umumnya terbuka (83 %), sedangkan pada B. sumatrensis umumnya tertutup (55 %). Garis spiral yang nyata pada B. javanica hanya terdapat pada susur, sedangkan pada B. sumatrensis garis spiral juga terdapat di atas (4-8 buah) dan di bawah (0-8 buah) susur. Jumlah gerigi kecil gigi-gigi tepi pertama pada B. javanica kurang dari 17 (13-16), sedangkan pada B. sumatrensis tidak ada yang kurang dari 17 (17-21). Rumus gerigi kecil kedua sisi gigi tepi kedua pada B. javanica umumnya 4 dan 4, sedangkan pada B. sumatrensis umumnya 3 dan 5. Berdasarkan pada perbedaan-perbedaan morfologi cangkang, gigi radula dan distribusinya, serta kedua keong cenderung tidak pernah hidup pada lokasi yang sama, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa B. javanica dan B. sumatrensis merupak dua jenis terpisah. Kondisi lingkungan B. javanica pada lokasi penelitian adalah sebagai berikut. Suhu berkisar antara 25 0C-31 0C, kandungan Ca berkisar antara 1,89-103,33 ppm, dan dasar perairan lumpur. Pada lokasi penelitian B. javanica dapat hidup bersama-sama dengan beberapa keong air tawar lainnya. Kerapatannya berkisar antara 2,40 individu/m2 sampai 30,13 individu/m2. Kerapatan relatif berkisar antara 4,63 %-17,25 %. Frekuensi kehadirannya berkisar antara 0,36-0,93. Frekuensi relatif berkisar antara 18,03 %-23,6 %. Dari perhitungan indeks dispersi Morisita menunujukkan bahwa dispersi B. javanica cenderung berbeda tergantung pada tempat hidupnya."

"[ Keong tutut (Bellamya javanica) telah lama dikenal oleh masyarakat tradisional diIndonesia sebagai alternatif untuk mengobati penyakit kuning yang merupakangejala penyakit hati, terutama karena kandungan asam amino yang diduga terdapatdalam keong tutut, khususnya asam amino glutamat, glisin, dan sistein. Tujuanpenelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian daging keong tutut sebagaihepatoprotektor melalui pengamatan histopatologi hati dan pengukuran aktivitasalkali fosfatase (ALP) dalam serum menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis.Sejumlah 36 ekor tikus putih jantan Sprague-Dawley dibagi menjadi 6 kelompokperlakuan, yaitu kontrol normal, kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, dosis 1, dosis 2,dan dosis 3. Kelompok kontrol normal dan kontrol negatif diberikan CMC 0,5%,kontrol positif diberikan silymarin dosis 9,45 mg/200 g bb tikus sedangkan untukkelompok dosis diberikan serbuk daging keong tutut dengan dosis berturut-turut 56mg/200 g bb tikus, 112 mg/200 g bb tikus, dan 224 mg/200 g bb tikus selama 14hari. Pada hari ke-15, semua kelompok kecuali kelompok kontrol normal diinduksihepatotoksik dengan CCl4 untuk mendapatkan kondisi kerusakan hati kemudiansemua tikus dipuasakan makan dengan tetap diberikan minum. Setelah 24 jaminduksi CCl4, dilakukan pengukuran aktivitas ALP serum dan pembedahan untukmengambil organ hati. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa pemberiandaging keong tutut dosis 112 mg/200 g bb tikus dan 224 mg/200 g bb tikusmempunyai efek hepatoprotektor dalam mencegah kerusakan hati dibandingkandengan kontrol negatif. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan efek pada pemberian tigavarian dosis serbuk daging keong tutut. Dosis yang memiliki efek potensial sebagaihepatoprotektor adalah dosis 224 mg/200 g bb tikus (p < 0.05)., Fresh water snail (Bellamya javanica) has been known by traditional communitiesin Indonesia as an alternative to treat jaundice which is a liver disease symptoms,especially because its amino acid compounds, in particular, glutamic acid, glysine,and cysteine that can be found in tutut snail. This study aimed to observe the effectof fresh water snail flesh as hepatoprotector through liver histopathology andalkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities measurements in serum using UV-Visspectrophotometer. A total of 36 white male rats of Sprague-Dawley were dividedinto 6 groups: normal control, negative control, positive control, dose 1, dose 2, anddose 3. Normal and negative control groups were received CMC 0,5%, positivecontrol group were received silymarin dose 9,45 mg/200g bw rats and for dosegroups were received fresh water snail flesh powder, consecutively, dose 56mg/200g bw rats, dose 112 mg/200 g bw rats, and dose 224 mg/200 g bw rats for14 days. On day-15, all groups, except normal control group, are hepatotoxicityinduced by CCl4 to obtain liver damage in rats and were not allowed to eat for 24hours. After 24 hours of CCl4 induced, ALP activities in serum was measured andthe rats were being dissected to take the liver. The results showed that fresh watersnail flesh powder at a dose of 112 mg/200 g bw and 224 mg/200 g bw give ahepatoprotective effect when being compared to negative control. In addition, thereare variance effect in 3 doses and the potential effect as a hepatoprotector is givenby dose 224 mg/200 g bw (p < 0.05).]"

"Keong tutut (Bellamya javanica) merupakan bahan alam yang secara empiris digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk mencegah kerusakan hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan secara ilmiah efek hepatoprotektif daging keong tutut dalam menurunkan aktivitas enzim aspartat aminotransferase (AST) dan alanin aminotransferase (ALT) yang merupakan parameter kerusakan hati. Tiga puluh enam (36) ekor tikus dibagi menjadi enam kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kontrol normal (CMC 0,5%), kontrol negatif (CMC 0,5%), kontrol positif (silymarin 9,45 mg/200 g BB), dosis 1 (serbuk daging keong tutut 56 mg/200 g BB), dosis 2 (serbuk daging keong tutut 112 mg/200 g BB), dan dosis 3 (serbuk daging keong tutut 224 mg/200 g BB). Bahan tersebut diberikan secara peroral selama 14 hari. Pada hari ke-15, semua tikus, kecuali kontrol normal diinduksi dengan CCl4 1 ml/kg BB melalui rute yang sama. Dua puluh empat jam setelah induksi, dilakukan pengambilan darah melalui sinus orbital. Aktivitas AST dan ALT plasma diukur menggunakan kit dan ditunjukkan melalui perbedaan serapan. Hasilnya menunjukkan kelompok dosis 112 mg/200 g BB dan dosis 224 mg/200 g BB memiliki aktivitas AST dan ALT yang berbeda bermakna (p ≤ 0,05) dengan kelompok kontrol negatif. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa daging keong tutut berpotensi sebagai hepatoprotekor karena mampu menurunkan aktivitas AST dan ALT.

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Freshwater snail (Bellamya javanica) is natural materials that are empirically used by society to prevent liver damage. This study aimed to prove scientifically hepatoprotective effect of flesh of tutut snail in lowering the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes which are the parameters of liver damage. Thirty-six (36) rats were divided into six treatment groups. Those are normal control (0,5% CMC), negative control (0,5% CMC), positive control (silymarin 9,45 mg/200 g BW), dose 1 (flesh powder of freshwater snail 56 mg/200 g BW), dose 2 (flesh powder of freshwater snail 112 mg/200 g BW), and dose 3 (flesh powder of freshwater snail 224 mg/200 g BW). Those ingredients were given orally for 14 days. On the fifteenth day, all rats, except the normal control were induced by CCl4 1 ml/200 kg BW via the same route. Twenty-four hours after the induction, blood sampling done through orbital sinus. AST and ALT plasma activity were measured using kit and shown through the absorbance differences. The results show AST and ALT activity among dose 112 mg/200 g BW group and dose 224 mg/200 g BWgroup were significantly different (p ≤ 0,05) with the negative control group. It can be concluded that freshwater snail is a potential hepatoprotector due to its ability in lowering AST and ALT activity."

"ASBTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Di Indonesia kasus infeksi oleh cacing Echinostoma spp. belum banyak dilaporkan, tetapi di beberapa tempat tertentu ditemukan secara endemi. Infeksi pada manusia terjadi secara kebetulan, yaitu bila manusia makan keong air yang mengandung metaserkaria dalam keadaan mentah atau setengah matang.Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah ingin mengetahui keadaan infeksi cacing Echinostoma spp. pada keong Bellamya javanica (Vivi para javanica) yang merupakan sumber infeksi bagi manusia di Indonesia. Sejumlah 2500 keong telah dikumpulkan, dan secara acak dipilih 500 ekor untuk dilakukan pembedahan dan pemeriksaan metaserkaria.Metaserkaria yang dikumpulkan diinfeksikan terhadap mencit putih. Telah diinfeksi 30 ekor mencit- putih, masing-masing dengan 150 ekor metaser karia. Untuk keperluan identifikasi, cacing dewasa yang tumbuh dalam usus mencit dikumpulkan, kemudian dipulas dengan teknik pulasan 'trichrome' yang dimodifikasi.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan angka infeksi metaserkaria Echinostoma, spp. setinggoi 100 % pada keong B. javanica. Rata-rata tiap keong mengandung 802 ekor metaserkaria. Infektivitas metaserkaria pada mencit cukup Tinggi, yaitu dari 30 ekor mencit terdapat 27 ekor {90%) positif, sedangkan jumlah produksi seluruhnya 133 ekor cacing. Jadi tiap mencit rata-rata mengandung 9 ekor cacing.Hasil identifikasi spesies diperoleh 75 ekor (56,4%) E. recurvatum, 24 ekor (18,0%) E. ilocanum, dan 10 ekor (7,6%) E. revolutum; lainnya 24 ekor (18,0%) tidak dapat diidentifikasi. Dengan demikian dapat dikimpulkan bahwa keong B. javanica merupakan hospes perantara II cacing Echinostoma spp. yang sesuai dan berperan sebagai sumber infeksi potensial bagi manusia.

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ABSTRACT

Scope and Method of Study: Cases of echinostomiasis are rarely reported in Indonesia, but in some places endemic foci have been found and are considered as of . public health importance. Human infections occurred accidentally, and man got the infection by way of consuming raw or half cooked snails which contained metacercariae. The general objective of this study is to know whether Echinostoma spp. larvae found in B. javanica (Vivipara javanica) snails are the potential source of infection for man in Indonesia. In this study 2500 snails were collected, and 500 snails were randomly selected for dissecting and searching for metacercariae. Experimental infection of 30 white mice were then carried out with 150 metacercariae for each mouse. For species identification, adult worms were stained by a modified trachoma staining technique.

Findings and Conclusions: The infection rate of Echinostoma in B. javanica was found to be 100 %, with a mean number of 802 metacercariae for each snail. The infectivity of metacercariae for white mice is quite high: of 30 mice infected, 27 (90%) were positive. A total of 133 adult worms were found; the worms found in each mouse varied from 1 - 27, with a mean of 5 worms per mouse. Identification results: 75 (56.5%) were identified as E. recurvatum, 24 (18.2%) E. ilocanum, 10 (7.6%) E. revolutum, and 24 (18.2%) could not be identified. Thus, based on this evidence, the snail B. javanica could be considered as a potential host for Echinostoma spp."

"There are 49 nominal taxa of Thiaridae known from Sulawesi and 11 species from Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi have been reported by Sarasin & Sarasin (1897 & 1898). Since then, no study on the systematic of the species from Lake Poso have been carried out. The basic information on the morphology of those species were described for the first time in 1897 & 1898. However, information on their habitat and distribution are still lacking.

Lake Poso is a tectonic-lake, which lies at 510 m above sea level and covers about 32,000 hectares. The deepest part of the lake reaches 450 meters. To study the diversity and distribution of Thiaridae in Lake Poso, snails were collected from 33 locations (outlet, inlet, and area of the lake), using sieve and by hand (at the shallow area) or small hand ?dredge? (at deep area). Morphology characters (height, width of shell and aperture; number of axial and spiral ribs at the penultimate and body whorls) were examined. Anatomical study (head, neck, tentacle, eye, snout, sole, foot groove); pallial cavity (ctenidium, osphradium, rectum, mantle edge); alimentary system (buccal mass, radula sac, radula, stomach); reproductive system (female: brood pouch, bursa copulatrix, albumen gland, egg, embryo, ovary; male: prostate gland, testis, testicle lobes, vas deferens); nervous system (cerebro ganglion, pleuro ganglion, pedal ganglion) was conducted only on Tylomelania.

Totally there are 13 species and more than eight undescribed species of Thiaridae identified in this study. Most of the species belong to the genus Brofia which occurred at the area of the lake (LP 10, LP 11, LP 12, LP 13, LP 15, LP 16, LP 17, LP 17 a, LP 18, LP 19, LP 20, LP 21, LP 22, LP 23, LP 24, LP 24 a, LP 25, LP 26, LP 27, LP 28, LP 29, LP 31), outlet (LP 1, LP 2, LP 3, LP 4) and inlet area (LP 5, LP 6, LP 7, LP 8, LP 9, LP 30). B. toradjarum, B. sca/ario psis, B. ku/i, B. centaurus were found at the area of the lake, while B. perfecta and B. robusta at the inlet and outlet respectively. There are two species of Melanoides (M. tuberculata & M. granífera) found at the area of the lake, and one species, M. punctata, occurred only at the stream of Saluopa (inlet area).

The anatomy of the genus Tylomelania was described for the first time. Comparative study on the morphology and anatomy were based on specimen of T. neritiformis, T. porcellanica, and T. carbo. The anatomical characters described and compared: the length and width of buccal mass, radula sac, ctenidium, osphradium, stomach, style-sac, albumen gland, eggs, and embryos, cerebral commissure, pedal commissure. The shape and position of anus, rectum, ctenidium, osphradium, radula, brood pouch, bursa copulatrix, albumen gland, genital Opening, prostate gland, ovary, testis, cerebro ganglion, pleuro ganglion, pedal ganglion, suboesophageal ganglion, supraoesophageal ganglion presented for the first time."

"The mathematical model was selected and the empirical equations were formulated from laboratory measurement by disturbed soil that was applied in undisturbed soil or field so required a correction factor. The correction factor could be expressed as a value of channeling fraction. The channeling process will affect to the average velocity of soil solution flow in soil. The average velocity of soil solution flows in soil controlled the fate of pesticide in undisturbed soil. The soil solution flows at undisturbed soil were expressed as two difference velocity values. The first part has equal velocity as its superficial velocity. The second part, because of chanelling, it was arbitrarily determined to be 10 times of the superficial velocity, and therefore, the superficial velocity of soil solution in the undisturbed soil must be corrected by the channeling fraction. The objective of the verification experiment was to identify a correction factor that could be expressed as channeling fraction in the equation as follows:V undisturbed soil = (1-channeling fraction) V Superficial + chanelling fraction (10 x v superficial)The verification was carried out at undisturbed soil obtained from three locations. The undisturbed soil in PVC pipe was saturated with water. After a saturated condition is reached, the flow direction of water was turned from top to bottom. The water continuously flows. After the steady state condition, water flow were substituted with the flow of fenitrothion solution, at the time was regarded as an initial condition (t=0). At the certain time the soil solutions at the outlet were taken to be determined the concentration of fenitrothion by HPLC. Based on the selected mathematical model and theempiricial equitations, the concentration of pesticide in soil solution as a position and time function can be calculated. The correction factor or the channeling fraction could be evaluated by comparing the fenitrothion concentration as a time function, from laboratory experiment data and from mathematical simulation result. The obtained channeling fraction values are 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 for the clay loam-clay, the sandy loam-sand, and the loam-sandy loam textures, respectively."

"Penelitian perbandingan anatomi daun, tangkai daun, dan batang, serta morfologi serbuk sari dari jenis-jenis yang mewakili 3 puak dalam Suku Malvaceae telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Taksonomi Tumbuhan Jurusan Biologi FMIPA - UI. Penelitian bersifat desktriptif dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan yang menonjol pada keempat hal yang diteliti tersebut pada jenis Hibiscus mutabilis Linn, dan Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medicus (dari puak Hibisceae), Malvaviscus arboreus Cav, dan Urena lobata Linn, (dari puak Ureneae), serta Sida rhombifolia Linn, dan Abutilon striatum Dickson ex Lindl. (dari puak Malveae). Data-data ini diharapkan dapat mendukung klasifikasi Malvaceae berdasarkan morfologinya menjadi ketiga puak tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa morfologi serbuk sari mendukung pembagian Malvaceae ke dalam puak-puak yang telah dibuat, sedangkan segi anatomi, hanya memberikan ciri-ciri khusus dalam satu jenis."

"Bromelin merupakan enzim proteolitik yang berasal dari buah nanas. Sebagai ensim proteolitik, bromelin mampu memecah molekul-molekul protein menjadi bentuk asam amino. Pada penelitian ini ensim bromelin digunakan dalam pembuatan kecap dari keong mas sebagai katalis."

"Latar belakang. Kejadian demam pascabedah jantung sering ditemukan akibat tindakan pembedahan maupun penggunaan mesin pintas jantung paru (PJP), demam tersebut sulit dibedakan antara demam akibat infeksi atau inflamasi. Penegakan diagnosa infeksi dengan pemeriksaan kultur membutuhkan waktu lama dan kadang tidak tumbuh bakteri. Prokalsitonin (PCT) diharapkan sebagai penanda infeksi tanpa harus menunggu hasil kultur. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai kadar PCT dapat membedakan demam infeksi dengan demam inflamasi pada pascabedah jantung. Metode. Penelitian ini dikerjakan di Unit Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu RSCM, dengan subyek pasien dewasa pascabedah jantung terbuka dengan menggunakan mesin PJP diikuti selama lima hari adanya demam dengan suhu ≥ 37,8° C, tanda dan gejala infeksi. Semua subyek diperiksa PCT dan kultur darah sebelum pembedahan, hari pertama, kedua dan kelima pascabedah. Pemeriksaan kultur dikerjakan atas indikasi klinis adanya infeksi. Hasil. Sebanyak 59 subyek pascabedah jantung menggunakan mesin PJP, terdapat dua subyek dropout (meninggal pada hari pertama dan kedua), 22 (37,28%) tidak demam, 32 (54,24%) demam inflamasi dan 5 (8,48%) demam infeksi. Infeksi ditemukan dari kultur sputum (Klebsiella pneumonie), hasil kultur darah, luka operasi, dan urin tidak ditemukan pertumbuhan bakteri. Didapatkan kadar PCT demam infeksi 13,48 ng/ ml dan demam inflamasi 6,90 ng/ ml. Simpulan. Kadar PCT demam infeksi (13,48 ng/ ml) lebih tinggi daripada demam inflamasi (6,90 ng/ ml). Tidak ada beda kadar PCT demam infeksi dan demam inflamasi secara statistik dengan p adalah 0,371.

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Background. Post cardiac surgery fevers usually caused by surgery itself or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Difficulties to differentiated fever caused infection or inflammation. Bacterial culture to prove infections take a long time and sometimes the result is negative. Procalcitonin is sugested infection marker without wait for culture.

Goal. The aim of this study is to know procalcitonin level can differentiate fever cause infectious or inflammation.

Methods. This study performed at Integrated Cardiovascular Unit in RSCM, on adult patients who had open cardiac surgery with CPB, observed for temperature ≥ 37,8° C, sign and symptoms of infections, for 5 days. PCT levels and blood culture performed before surgery, first, second and 5th day after surgery. Culture from other sites performed as indicated.

Results. There are 59 have cardiac surgery with CPB, There are two subject dropout (died on 1st and 2nd days), 22 had no fever (37,28%), 32 had inflammation fever (54,24%) and 5 had infectious fever (8,48%). Infection confirmed by bronchial wash culture (Klebsiella pneumonie), no surgical wound infection, blood and urine culture were negative. We have PCT levels infectious group 13,48 ng/ ml and inflammation group 6,90 ng/ ml.

Conclussion. PCT levels infectious group (13,48 ng/ ml) higher than inflammation group (6,90 ng/ ml). Non parametric diagnostic Mann Whitney U test there are no significant differences of PCT levels between infectious and inflammation group, p=0,371."