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"Telah dilakukan penelitian isolasi dan karakterisasi molekuler Plasmodium berghei yang resistan terhadap artemisinin in vivo. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keterkaitan polimorfisme gen pbatp6 dengan resistensi P. berghei terhadap artemisinin. Penelitian dilakukan di Lembaga Biologi Molekul Eijkman (LBME), Jakarta, selama 12 bulan (April 2006—Maret 2007). Empat isolat P. berghei yang resistan terhadap artemisinin pada dosis 15 dan 250 mg/kg berat badan berhasil diisolasi melalui pengobatan dosis subletal bertingkat selama tiga hari berturut-turut pada mencit galur BALB/c yang diinfeksi P. berghei. Uji resistensi obat yang dilakukan untuk membandingkan pola pertumbuhan parasit galur parental dan salah satu isolat yang resistan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan ED50 sebesar 2,8 kali lipat. Analisis molekuler dengan teknik polymerase chain reaction (PCR) menggunakan primer forward PbATP6-F1 dan reverse PbATP6-R1 dan DNA sequencing menunjukkan adanya perubahan basa guanin menjadi adenin pada nukleotida ke-355 gen pbatp6. Perubahan tersebut mengakibatkan perubahan asam amino dari asam glutamat (E) menjadi lisin (K) pada residu ke-119 yang terletak pada domain transmembran M2 dari protein putatif PbATP6. Perubahan asam amino tersebut belum pernah dilaporkan sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan polimorfisme gen pbatp6 yang diduga berperan pada resistensi P. berghei terhadap artemisinin."

"Kemunculan resistensi parasit terhadap obat antimalaria, seperti artemisinin, sulfadoksin, dan piperakuin, menjadi tantangan besar dalam eliminasi malaria di negara-negara endemik, termasuk Indonesia. Hal ini meningkatkan urgensi pengembangan obat antimalaria baru yang dapat membunuh parasit sensitif dan resisten. Penggunaan model parasit Plasmodium berghei resisten diperlukan untuk merepresentasikan keberagaman populasi alami parasit ke skala laboratorium. Seleksi P.berghei resisten dilakukan melalui Repeated Incomplete Treatment (RIcT) dengan memaparkan dosis terapeutik obat pada parasit tanpa menyelesaikan pengobatan. Metode ini menyerupai kondisi kegagalan pengobatan berulang yang memicu terbentuknya resistensi pada parasit. Siklus pengobatan mencit dan pemulihan parasit dilakukan berulang sampai fenotipik resisten parasit teramati. Setelah empat regimen RIcT berbeda dilakukan, fenotipik resisten P.berghei terhadap artemisinin belum ditemukan. Pertumbuhan parasit tidak dapat ditekan selama pemberian obat pada siklus 2 berlangsung. Namun analisis molekuler target gen k13 tidak menunjukkan terbentuknya mutasi. Fenotipik resisten parasit terhadap sulfadoksin belum diperoleh setelah 3-4 siklus RIcT. RIcT sub-klon parasit menemui kondisi yang sama. Analisis molekuler target gen dhps tidak menujukkan keberadaan mutasi. Menariknya, gametositemia terjadi pada siklus terakhir RIcT. Kondisi ini meningkatkan risiko transmisi parasit ke nyamuk. RIcT piperakuin tidak dapat dilanjutkan setelah 2 siklus berlalu dikarenakan parasit habis selama pengobatan. Fenotipik resisten parasit tiga obat antimalaria pada eksperimen RIcT belum ditemukan

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The emergence of antimalarial drug resistance, such as artemisinin, sulfadoxine, and piperaquine, is an enormous hindrance to malaria elimination in endemic countries, including Indonesia. This increases the urgency in novel antimalarial drug development to obtain antimalarial drugs that are effective in clearing sensitive and resistant parasites. The use of a resistant Plasmodium berghei parasite model can represent the variety of parasites spreading in natural populations to a laboratory scale. The selection of P.berghei-resistant model was done through Repeated Incomplete Treatment (RIcT) by exposing a therapeutic dosage of the antimalarial drug to the parasites without finishing the treatment. This method mimics repeated treatment failure that induces resistance in parasites. The cycles of drug treatment and parasite recovery were repeated until phenotypic resistance was observed. After four different RIcT regimens, the parasite’s phenotypic resistance to artemisinin has not yet been observed. The parasite growth keeps rising during treatment in cycle 2. However, no mutation was found in k13 gene. Parasite phenotypic resistance to sulfadoxine has not been identified after 3-4 RIcT cycles. RIcT in sub-clone parasite faced the same situation. Molecular analisys at the target gene dhps did not show any mutation. Interestengly, gametocytemia was observed at the last cycle of RIcT. This condition increases the risk of parasite transmission into the mosquitoes. RIcT piperaquine could not be continued after 2 cycles duet o parasite clearance during drug treatment. Phenotypic resistant of the parasite to 3 of the antimalarial drugs used in this RIcT experiment is not yet observed."

"Kasus resistensi terhadap pengobatan malaria membutuhkan penemuan obat baru, salah satunya menggunakan ekstrak daun papaya (Carica papaya L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dosis paling efektif serta korelasi antara dosis dengan perubahan densitas parasit. Penelitian menggunakan desain eksprimental dengan pemberian tiga dosis ekstrak 9,75 mg; 15,50 mg; dan 21,25mg/20gBB kepada 25 mencit Swiss-webster. Data diolah menggunakan SPSS versi 16,00 dan dianalisis dengan uji Kruskall-Wallis yang dilanjutkan uji Post Hoc serta uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dosis kecil dan sedang berbeda bermakna (p<0,05) dengan kontrol negatif. Persentase penghambatan dosis kecil mencapai 99% dan ditemukan korelasi lemah antara dosis dengan densitas parasit. Dapat disimpulkan dosis 9,75 mg adalah yang paling efektif dengan terdapat korelasi antara peningkatan dosis dengan densitas parasit.

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Increasing resistance against malaria treatment requires the discovery of new drugs, one of which uses papaya leaf extracts (Carica papaya L.). This study aims to determine the most effective dose and dose correlation between drug concentration and parasite density. This research is using eksperimental design by administering three doses of 9.75 mg extract; 15.50 mg; and 21.25mg/20gBW to 25 Swiss-Webster mice which were divided into three groups. Data was processed using SPSS version 16.00 and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Post Hoc test and Spearman correlation test.

The results showed that small and medium dose group were significantly different (p <0.05) compared to negative control group. Percentage inhibition small doses reached 99% and found a very weak correlation between the dose and the parasite density. It can be concluded that dose of 9.75 mg /20gBW is most effective with a weak positive correlation between the increase in dose to the density of parasites."

"Malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di dunia, termasuk Indonesia dengan angka kejadian setiap tahun mencapai 500 juta jiwa dan lebih dari satu juta diantaranya meninggal dunia. Munculya, strain Plasmodium yang resisten menjadikan pengobatan kurang efektif sehingga dibutuhkan bahan alami sebagai alternatif antiplasmodium. Flamboyan diketahui telah digunakan untuk pengobatan malaria, namun masih sedikit penelitian mengenai aktivitas antiplasmodium tanaman ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan ekstrak kulit batang dan ekstrak bunga Delonix regia yang dilakukan uji penapisan fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antiplasmodium secara in vivo pada mencit Swiss-webster yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Dari 24 sampel dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok perlakuan yang terdiri atas 3 kelompok ekstrak kulit batang dan bunga masing-masing dengan dosis 2,8 mg, 8,4 mg, dan 14 mg, serta 1 kelompok kontrol positif dan 1 kelompok kontrol negatif. Setiap kelompok perlakuan diamati densitas parasit dan dihitung persentase pertumbuhan dan persentase penghambatan yang terjadi. Data kemudian dilakukan uji normalitas dengan Shapiro-wilk dan uji hipotesis menggunakan One Way Anova dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kulit batang dosis 2,8 mg dan 8,4 mg menunjukan aktivitas antiplasmodium. Aktivitas antiplasmodium terbesar terjadi pada kulit batang dosis 8,4 mg sebesar 66,25% (p=0,314) diikuti kulit batang dosis 2,8 mg sebesar 38,88% (p=0,550).

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Malaria is still a worldwide health problem, including Indonesia. Each year there are 500 million cases and more than one million people died. Resistant Plasmodium's strains makes the treatment less effective, therefore, discovery of natural substance as an alternative antiplasmodium treatment is necessary. Flamboyan is used to treat malaria, but only few research were done about it. This study is an experimental research using extract from Delonix regia's flower and bark. This study conducted phytochemical and antiplasmodium activity test using Swiss-Webster mice infected with Plasmodium berghei in vivo. From 24 samples, they were divided into 8 groups that consists of 3 groups of bark extracts and flowers, each with a dose of 2.8 mg, 8.4 mg, and 14 mg, 1 positive control and 1 negative control group. Each group were counted the percentage of growth and inhibition parasite density. The normality data is tested with Shapiro-Wilk and the hypothesis test using One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc test. The results showed extract of bark dose 2.8 mg and 8.4 mg have antiplasmodium activity. The greatest effect occured at dose of 8,4 mg with 66.25% (p=0,314) growth inhibition percentage, followed by bark dose's extract of 2,8 mg with 38,88% (p=0,550)."

"Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat dan merupakan penyakit endemis di daerah tropis termasuk Indonesia. Semakin banyaknya strain Plasmodium yang resisten terhadap obat antimalaria membutuhkan penemuan obat baru yang lebih poten untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini. Delonix regia mengandung zat kimia alkaloid dan terpenoid yang memiliki potensi sebagai antiplasmodium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah dan daun Delonix regia mampu menurunkan densitas Plasmodium berghei. Kelompok perlakuan mendapatkan ekstrak kulit buah dan daun yang diberikan dengan tiga dosis, yaitu 2,8 mg/20g mencit, 8,4 mg/20g mencit, dan 14 mg/20g mencit selama tiga hari berturut-turut dimulai tujuh hari setelah inokulasi parasit pada Mencit Swiss-webster. Pemeriksaan parasitemia dilakukan pada hari ke-0 sebelum perlakuan dan hari ke-3 setelah perlakuan dengan cara dibuat sediaan apusan darah tipis yang diwarnai dengan Giemsa. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan pada dosis ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dosis 2,8 mg/20g mencit dan dosis 8,4 mg/20g mencit menunjukkan perbedaan jumlah parasit yang signifikan terhadap jumlah parasit kelompok kontrol negatif, sedangkan pada ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dosis 14 mg/20g mencit menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap kelompok kontrol negatif. Hasil analisis statistik pada ekstrak daun Delonix regia dosis 2,8 mg/20g mencit, 8,4 mg/20g mencit dan 14 mg/20g mencit menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap kelompok kontrol negatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dosis 2,8 mg/20g mencit paling baik dalam menurunkan densitas Plasmodium berghei.

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Malaria remains a public health problem and endemic in tropical country, including Indonesia. Increasing number of strains of drug-resistant Plasmodium malaria needs to find a new, more potent drugs to overcome this problem. Delonix regia contains alkaloid and terpenoid chemicals that have potential as antiplasmodium. The purpose of this study is to prove that the rind and leaf extracts of Delonix regia can reduce the density of Plasmodium berghei in Swiss-webster mice. The treatment group get rind and leaf extracts given in three doses, ie 2,8 mg/20g mice, 8,4 mg/20g mice, and 14 mg/20g mice for three consecutive days starting seven days after inoculation of parasites. Parasitemia examination performed on H0 before and day 3 after treatment made by blood smear preparations stained with Giemsa thin.

The results of the statistical analysis showed a dose Delonix regia rind extract dose 2,8 mg/20g mice and 8,4 mg/20g mice showed a significant difference in the number of parasites on the number of parasites negative control group, while in the rind extracts Delonix regia dose 14 mg/20g mice showed no significant difference to the negative control group. The results of statistical analysis on Delonix regia leaf extracts dose 2,8 mg/20g mice, 8,4 mg/20g mice and 14 mg/20g mice no significant difference to the negative control group. Based on these results it can be concluded that administration of Delonix regia rind extract at a dose of 2,8 mg/20g mice body weight is the best dose which can reduce the density of Plasmodium."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Sambiloto atau Andrographis panniculata merupakan sebuahtanaman herbal yang memiliki khasiat sebagai antimalaria dengan carameningkatkan kerja antioksidan dalam tubuh. Hati merupakan salah satu tempatterjadinya fase perkembangan Plasmodium pada penyakit malaria. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas antimalaria dari Ekstrak Etanol Sambiloto(EES) pada mencit yang diiinfeksi Plasmodium berghei secara in vivo melalupengukuran kadar MDA dan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan hati.Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental in vivomenggunakan hewan coba mencit Balb/c. Metode penelitian dilakukan denganmengelompokkan mencit ke dalam empat kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol yangtidak diberi perlakuan, kelompok I yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei tetapitidak diterapi, kelompok II yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei dan diberi EES 2mg/kgBB serta kelompok III yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei dan diberiklorokuin 10 mg/kgBB selama 3 hari. Analisis kadar MDA dilakukan denganmetode Wills dan aktivitas spesifik katalase dengan metode Mates et al.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi penurunan kadar MDA yang tidaksignifikan pada mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei dan diberiekstrak etanol sambiloto (EES) 2 mg/kgBB dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif(66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g jaringan hati). Namun pada kelompokyang diberi perlakuan klorokuin juga terlihat penurunan kadar MDA yang tidaksignifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69nmol/g jaringan hati). Sedangkan aktivitas spesifik katalase kelompok yang diberiEES menunjukkan peningkatan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkandengan kelompok kontrol (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg jaringan hati).Begitupula dengan klorokuin yang menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas spesifikkatalase yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol(2,97 ± 1,53 vs 3,73 ± 1.56).Kesimpulan: Pada kelompok dengan pemberian EES 2 mg/kgBB terjadipenurunan kadar MDA serta peningkatan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan hatimencit dibandingkan dengan kelompok negatif, tetapi secara statistik tidakbermakna demikian pula dengan kelompok yang diberi klorokuin.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that hasantimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the placesfor Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyzethe activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice whichinfected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA leveland the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue.Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. Theresearch design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of theuntreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, groupII-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight,group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Willsmethod and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method.Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which notsignificant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/gliver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treatedby chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significantcompared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue).Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity ofcatalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity ofcatalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ±1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decreaseof MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissuecompared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the groupgiven chloroquine;Introduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that hasantimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the placesfor Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyzethe activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice whichinfected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA leveland the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue.Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. Theresearch design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of theuntreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, groupII-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight,group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Willsmethod and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method.Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which notsignificant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/gliver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treatedby chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significantcompared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue).Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity ofcatalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity ofcatalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ±1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decreaseof MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissuecompared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the groupgiven chloroquine;Introduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that hasantimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the placesfor Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyzethe activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice whichinfected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA leveland the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue.Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. Theresearch design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of theuntreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, groupII-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight,group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Willsmethod and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method.Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which notsignificant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/gliver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treatedby chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significantcompared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue).Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity ofcatalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity ofcatalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ±1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decreaseof MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissuecompared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the groupgiven chloroquine"

"Resistensi Plasmodium terhadap obat antimalaria merupakan masalah yang harus diatasi. Salah satu caranya dengan mencari obat baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak bunga dan ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dalam menurunkan densitas Plasmodium. Penelitian menggunakan desain uji eksperimental. Berdasarkan hasil uji fitokimia diketahui kadar alkaloid dalam esktrak kulit buah lebih tinggi dibandingkan kadar alkaloid dalam ekstrak bunga. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil uji in vivo pada mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak kulit buah dengan dosis 2,8 mg/mencit, 8,4 mg/mencit dan 14 mg/mencit mengalami penurunan densitas Plasmodium sedangkan pada mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak bunga terjadi kenaikan densitas Plasmodium. Berdasarkan uji Post Hoc LSD didapatkan adanya perbedaan perubahan densitas Plasmodium yang signifikan pada mencit yang mendapatkan kontrol negatif dibandingkan dengan mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak kulit buah dosis kecil, sedang maupun besar dengan nilai p 0,00; 0,03 dan 0,022. Sedangkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan di dapatkan saat perubahan densitas Plasmodium pada mencit yang mendapatkan kontrol negatif dibandingkan dengan mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak bunga dengan nilai p 0,156; 0,064 dan 0,923. Dapat disimpulkan ekstrak kulit buah dapat menurunkan densitas Plasmodium.

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Resistance of Plasmodium to anti-malaria drugs is a problem that necessary to be solved. One of the way is create new drugs. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of flowers extracts and rinds extracts of Delonix regia to decrease density of Plasmodium. This study use experimental design. Based on the results of phytochemical test known that alkaloid levels in rind's extract is higher than flower's extract. This is consistent with the results of in vivo test in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei. The mice whom get rind's extract dose ie 2,8 mg/mice, 8,4 mg/mice dan 14 mg/mice shown decrease of parasitemia, mean while mice whom get flowers shown increase of parasitemia.

Based on Post Hoc LCD test, there is significantly difference in density change of plasmodium in mice whom get negative control compare with mice whom get small dose, medium dose and high dose of rinds extracts with the value of p 0,00; 0,03 and 0,022. While there is no significantly difference when mice whom get negative control compare with mice whom get small dose, medium dose and high dose of flowers extracts with the value of p 0,156; 0,064 and 0,923. It can be concluded that rind's extract of Delonix regia can decrease parasitemia."

"Sambiloto atau Andrographis panniculata merupakan tanaman tradisional herbal yang yang banyak ditemui di Indonesia. Penelitian Biokimia tentang efek antioksidan zat berkhasiatnya belum banyak diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa aktivitas antimalaria ekstrak etanol sambiloto (EES) pada hati mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei melalui pengukuran kadar malondialdehid (MDA) dan glutation (GSH). Metode: Mencit jantan galur Balb/c dengan berat 28-30 g, 7-8 minggu, dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok secara acak, tiap kelompok terdiri atas 5 ekor mencit. Kelompok K: Kontrol, Kelompok A: kontrol negatif, Kelompok B: EES 2 mg/kgBB/hari selama 7 hari, C: klorokuin 10 mg/kgBB/hari selama 3 hari. MDA dan GSH diperiksa dengan metode spektrofotometri. Hasil: Terlihat kadar MDA hati yang lebih rendah pada kelompok perlakuan EES dan klorokuin, walaupun tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif (p≥0,05). Pada kelompok B dan C terlihat peningkatan kadar GSH dibandingkan kelompok kontrol negatif, kenaikan ini mendekati kadar kelompok kontrol. Pada pengujian statistik, tidak terlihat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok K, B dan C (p≥0,05). Kesimpulan: EES dapat menurunkan kadar MDA dan meningkatkan kadar GSH pda hati mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei, walaupun hasil ini belum bermakna dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Untuk aktivitas yang lebih signifikan di hati diperlukan pemberian EES dengan dosis yang lebih tinggi dari 2 mg/kgBB.

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Andrographis paniculata is a traditional herb medicine usually used in Indonesia. The aim of this study were to determine the anti-malarial activity of ethanolic extract of sambiloto (EES) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice through measuring the malondialdehyde MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels.

Methods: Male mice (Balb/c strain) with weight 28-30 g, 7-8 weeks old, were randomly devided into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Group K: control (nil), Group A: negative control, and 2 treatment groups (B, C). Group B: EES 2 mg/kgBW, once per day for 7 days, and group C: chloroquine 10 mg/kgBW, once a day, for 3 days. All treatment was administered orally.

Results: MDA level of liver occurs lower in the EES and chloroquine treatment groups, although is not significant with negative control group (p ≥ 0.05). In B and C groups shown the increase of GSH liver level compared to the negative control group, but the level is approaching control group. On statistical analysis, there is no significant difference seen between the control, B and C groups (p ≥ 0.05).

Conclusion: EES can reduce MDA level and increased GSH level in mice liver infected with Plasmodium berghei, although this result is not significant compared to the negative control. For the significant effect, need further investigation to find the appropriate dose for hepar tissue."

"Malaria adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan infeksi Plasmodium sp. Malaria adalah penyakit yang tersebar di dunia serta memiliki tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi. Penurunan efikasi obat pilihan utama disebabkan resistensi parasit terhadap obat malaria. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami efek ekstrak daun dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia terhadap densitas parasit pada binatang percobaan mencit Swiss Webster yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia ekstrak daun Delonix regia dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia sebagai antiplasmodium. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi delapan kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kontrol negatif dengan air, kontrol positif dengan klorokuin dosis 0.52 mg/20 gr mencit, ekstrak daun Delonix regia dosis 2.8 mg/20 gr mencit, 8.4 mg/20 gr mencit, dan 14 mg/20 gr mencit, ekstrak biji Delonix regia dosis 2.8 mg/20 gr mencit, 8.4 mg/20 gr mencit, dan 14 mg/20 gr mencit. Perlakuan dimulai pada hari ke-0 pada mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan observasi parasitemia dilakukan pada hari ke-0 sebelum pemberian perlakuan dan hari ke-3. Uji Statistik One Way Anova menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Delonix regia dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia tidak memiliki aktivitas yang berbeda jika dibandingkan kontrol negatif (p=0.139). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak daun Delonix regia dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia tidak bisa menghambat pertumbuhan Plasmodium berghei.

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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection of Plasmodium sp. Malaria is world wide disease which a high mortality rate. The decreasing of efficacy of its firstline drugs is caused by the parasite?s resistance to malaria drugs. The aims of the research were to understand the effect of Delonix regia leaf extract and seed extract against the parasite density on experimental animal Swiss Webster mice infected by Plasmodium berghei and to know the content of phytochemystry of Delonix regia leaf extract and Delonix regia seed extract as antiplasmodium. This research was divided into eight treatment groups, namely negative control by water, positif control by cloroquin of dose 0.52 mg/20 gr mice, Delonix regia leaf extract of dose 2.8 mg/20 gr mice, 8.4 mg/20 gr mice, and 14 mg/20 gr mice, Delonix regia seed extract of dose 2.8 mg/20 gr mice, 8.4 mg/20 gr mice, and 14 mg/20 gr mice. The treatments were started on day 0 on where the mices were infected by Plasmodium berghei and the observation of parasitemia carried out on day 0 before giving the treatments and day 3. One Way Anova statistical test showed that Delonix regia leaf extract and Delonix regia seed extract did not have different activity against negative control (p=0.139). The results showed Delonix regia leaf and Delonix regia seed extract could not inhibit the growth of Plasmodium berghei."