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"Schistosomiasis Japonicum merupakan penyakit parasit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi cacing Schistosoma, terdapat pada host siput Oncomelania Hupensis Linduensis. Penyakit Schistosomiasis atau demam keong di Indonesia bersifat endemik, untuk menghilangkan Schistosomiasis, mengendalikan populasi siput dianggap sebagai salah satu langkah pengendalian terpadu dalam mengendalikan penyakit Schistosomiasis. Telah diketahui dengan baik bahwa transmisi Schistosomiasis japonicum terkait erat dengan distribusi host perantara siput, yang bergantung pada karakteristik geografis dan faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membangun model analisis spasial penyebaran habitat siput dengan menggunakan data pengindraan jauh untuk mengekstraksi informasi indeks vegetasi NDVI , indeks kelembaban lahan TVDI , tutupan lahan, dengan data dukung kemiringan lahan, ketinggian, jarak dari sungai, jarak dari danau, temperature permukaan tanah, dan curah hujan. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Dataran Lindu dianalisis dengan stepwise regretion untuk mengidentifikasi faktor penentu ekologi kehidupan Oncomelania Hupensis Lindoensis. Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa TVDI, tutupan lahan, NDVI, dan LST merupakan variable yang paling signifikan dengan korelasi 85,9 dan tingkat keakurasian 87,03 . Dari analisis permodelan diketahui bahwa distribusi habitat Oncomelania hupensis menunjukan pola acak. Dengan mengetahui karakterisrtik sebaran habitat Oncomelania hupensis melalui analisis penginderaan jauh, diharapkan dapat dilakukan monitoring pergerakan habitat, sehingga langkah tersebut dapat digunakan untuk membantu pengendalian habitat dimaksud sebagai host penyakit schistosomiasis di Indonesia.

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Schistosomiasis Japonicum is a parasitic disease caused by a worm infection of Schistosoma, found on the host Snail Oncomelania Hupensis Linduensis. Schistosomiasis or snail fever in Indonesia is endemic, to eliminate Schistosomiasis, controlling snail populations is considered as one of the integrated control measures in controlling Schistosomiasis disease. It is well known that the Schistosomiasis japonicum transmission is closely related to the distribution of hosted slug intermediaries, which depend on geographic characteristics and environmental factors. This research was conducted to build spatial analysis model of spreading of snail habitat by using remote sensing data to extract vegetation index information NDVI , land humidity index TVDI , land cover, with data of land inclination, altitude, distance from river, distance from lake , ground surface temperature, and rainfall. Research conducted in the Lindu Plains was analyzed by stepwise regretion to identify the ecological determinants of Oncomelania Hupensis Lindoensis life. The results show that TVDI, land cover, NDVI, and LST are the most significant variables with 85,9 correlation and 87,03 accuracy. From the modeling analysis it is known that Oncomelania hupensis habitat distribution shows random pattern. By knowing the characteristic of Oncomelania hupensis habitat distribution through remote sensing analysis, it is expected to monitor the movement of habitat, so that the step can be used to help control the habitat referred to as host of schistosomiasis disease in Indonesia. "

"Schistosomiasis masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di Desa Maholo, disebabkan prevalensi kasusnya yang cenderung meningkat, serta masih rendahnya kepedulian masyarakat dalam mencegah penularan penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karaktreristik individu (umur, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan tingkat pengetahuan) dan perilaku masyarakat usia produktif (penggunaan alat pelindung diri, pemanfaatan jamban, pemanfaatan air bersih dan pemanfaatan program kesehatan) terhadap kejadian penyakit Schistosomiasis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan disain Kasus Kontrol. Besar sampel penelitian berjumlah 61 dengandengan perbandingan yang sama maka jumlah kasus 61 dan kontrol 61 sehingga sampel keseluruhan menjadi 122 responden. Hasil Analisis Chi Square menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara penggunaan alat pelindung diri dengan OR 15,49; (3,44 - 69,75), pemanfaatan jamban dengan OR 7,78; (3,26 - 18,58), pemanfaatan air bersih dengan OR 6,30; (2,79-14,21), terhadap kejadian Schistosomiasis. Hasil analisis Regresi Logistik menunjukkan bahwa yang berhubungan secara bermakna adalah penggunaan alat pelindung diri dengan OR 8,43: (1,68-42,29), pemanfaatan jamban dengan OR 5,13; (1,81-14,55), jenis kelamin 4,96; (1,84-13,37) dan pemanfaatan air bersih dengan OR 3,67, (1,38-9,75). Analisis faktor risiko menunjukkan bahwa kelompok yang berisiko 16,33 kali berpeluang terinfeksi penyakit Schistosomiasis dibanding pada kelompok yang tidak berisiko.

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Schistosomiasis is still become a public health problem in the village of Maholo, because the cases tend to increase and the lack of community awareness to prevent the transmission of the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between individual characteristics (age, sex, education level, occupation, and level of knowledge) and The community behavior of Productive Age (the use of personal protective equipment, use of latrines, the utilization of water safety and the utilization of health programs) on the incidence of the Schistosomiasis.

This study was a quantitative study which used a case control study design. The samples consisted of 122 subjects ( 61 cases ; 61 control ). The Chi Square analysis test showed that there was a significant relationship between the use of personal protective equipment OR 15.49 (3.44 to 69.75), the use of latrines OR 7.78 (3.26 to 18.58), the utilization of water safety OR 6.30 (2.79 to 14.21) with the incidence of Schistosomiasis.

The logistic regression analysis showed there was a significant relation between the use of personal protective equipment with OR 8.43 (1.682 - 42.287), the use of latrines with OR 5.13 (1.805 - 14.548), sex and Schistosomiasis with OR 4.96 (1.840 - 13.374), and the utilization of safety water of 3.67, (1.381 - 9.747). The analysis risk factor showed that risk group had risk 16,33 times to be infected of Schistosomiasis compared with the group which not risk."

"Program Pemerintah mengenai Schistosomiasis yaitu menurunkan prevalensi Schistosomiasis sampai kurang dari 1 %, di Dataran Tinggi Napu pada tahun 2011, prevalensi Schistosomiasis sebesa r 2,15%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik individu, pengetahuan dan perilaku dengan kejadian Schistosomiasis di Dataran Tinggi Napu kabupaten Poso Sulawesi Tengah tahun 2013. Desain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol dengan total sampel 278 yang terdiri dari 139 kasus dan kontrol 139. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji statistik chi square (α=5%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara pekerjaan, pengetahuan dan perilaku dengan kejadian schistosomiasis, dengan masing-masing OR, pekerjaan (3,3) pengetahuan (1,7) kontak dengan air(4,9), BAB disungai (2,1) penggunaan sepatu boot (7,8) mencuci disungai (1,8) dan mobilitas ke daerah endemis (1,9).

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Schistosomiasis control programme target is to reduce the prevalence of schistosomiasis less than 1 %. In Napu Valley in 2011, showed that the prevalence schistosomiasis in human is 2,15 %. This study objective is to determine the relationship between individual characteristics, knowledge and behavior with Schistosomiasis episodes in Napu Valley in Poso District of Central Sulawesi. The study design is case control study, with total sample is 278, which contain 139 cases and 139 controls. Statistical analysis using univariate and bivariate analysis with chi square statistical test (α = 5%).

The results showed there is any significant relationship between individual characteristics, knowledge and behavior with Schistosomiasis episodes. The odd ratio of occupation (3,3), knowledge (1,7), contact with contaminated water (4,9), defecation behavior in river/ditch (2,1), wearing boots (7,8), laundering in river/ditch (1.8) and mobilization to endemic areas (1,9)."

"Sulawesi is the biggest and the most important island in Wallacea. This island has many endemic species including macaques. Seven species of macaques are recognized endemic in Sulawesi. There are Macaca maura, M. tonkeana, M. ochreata, M. brunnescens, M. hecki, M. nigrescens and M. nigra. Compared to the other species of macaques in Sulawesi, M. tonkeana is more secure because its population decline its not as high as the others. But, the increase of human population around macaques habitat and the changing of forest structure and composition are the biggest threat for their lives. Forest destruction and habitat loss also occured in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Forest clearance for cocoa and coffee plantations are the cases which found more in that area. Besides that, exploitation of timber, especially rattan is the most common human activity. Those cases will jeopardize the population of wildlife including M. tonkeana. Although the extinction risk of M. tonkeana is not readily evident at the moment, the increasing human activities in Lore Lindu National Park may present a serious threat to these endemic species. The main objectives in this study were to estimate the population density of M. tonkeana in two different habitats, and to know the characteristics of the habitat in that study area. The study was conducted in Lindu Land, Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. The two study sites including (1) forest which does not have any land clearance for agriculture but reveices human disturbance such as timber exploitation especially rattan (two transect of 2,5 km and 3 km) and (2) forest which is disturbed by agricultural clearance (two transect of 2,3 km and 3 km). Data collection was carried out from November 2002 to February 2003. To estimate population density of M. tonkeana, replication of forest line transect were walked. These involved slow, quiet walkings, with stop every 100 meter to visually scan the forest and listen for sound. All individuals and groups sigthed were recorded, and measurements of the average visual distance on either side of transect line to provide an estimate of area covered were taken. Vegetation study plots were established to study the composition and structure habitat of M. tonkeana. Twenty seven plots of 20 x 20 m were located in the forest and twenty six in agricultural forest. In each plot, all trees  10 cm diameter-at-breast height (DBH) were identified to species and precisely measured. Sample species were collected and identified at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor. From those data, species and family important value, species diversity and similarity index were calculated. The result indicated that supply of food for M. tonkeana in their habitat had effect on their density. Population density of M. tonkeana in the agricultural forest habitat was higher than in the forest habitat. In forest habitat, the density were 0.97 ± 0.52 groups/km2 and 8.70 ± 7.49 individuals/km2 while agricultural forest had higher estimated population of 1.36 ± 0.31 groups/km2 and 14.09 ± 5.37 individuals/km2. Seven species of figs as keystone source for vertebrates frugivorous were found in agricultural forest with total individuals were twelve. In the forest, five figs were found in total nine individuals. The diversity index for food trees in the agriculture forest habitat (2,4130) was higher than forest habitat (2,0591). Macaques can find more varieties of food in agricultural forest, because there were many agricultural products. The results shows that supply of food and human activities in the habitat of macaques had an influence to the density of macaques. Forest clearance for agricultural made macaques loss their habitat and diversity of foods. Exploitation of timber especially rattan also disturbed the macaques."

"Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa tujuan; untuk mengetahui jumlah populasi dan spesies penyu bersarang, untuk mengetahui karakteristik habitat peneluran penyu mencakup vegetasi dan untuk mengetahui ancaman antropogenik berupa sampah. Tanjung Binerean merupakan bagian dari Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial terutama untuk perlindungan burung maleo. Pantai berpasir putih yang membentang sepanjang 3 km tersebut juga menjadi kawasan peneluran bagi penyu. Terdapat empat spesies penyu yang tercatat pernah bertelur di kawasan tersebut, yaitu penyu lekang, penyu sisik, penyu belimbing dan penyu hijau. Penelitian yang dilakukan selama 3 bulan dari bulan September sampai Desember 2020 menunjukkan hanya 1 penyu yang mendarat yaitu penyu lekang dengan jumlah telur 103 butir dengan karakteristik sarangnya sebagai berikut, yaitu kedalaman 46 cm dan diameter 15 cm, suhu tanah 28,8℃, pH 5,8, kelembapan 98% dan jarak sarang dengan air laut 7,8 m. Rata-rata suhu Tanjung Binerean pada tahun 2020 sebesar (28,4℃ ± 1,71). Analisis vegetasi Tanjung Binerean menghasilkan nilai indeks keanekaragaman (H’) sebesar H’=3,06. Nilai INP untuk jenis vegetasi pohon yang paling tinggi dimiliki oleh Cocos nucifera dengan nilai INP 59. Sedangkan untuk jenis vegetasi lower crop nilai INP terbesar dimiliki oleh Ipomoea pes-caprae yaitu sebesar 30. Total berat sampah yang didapatkan sebanyak 65,2 kg. Jumlah sampah terbanyak adalah jenis sampah plastik sebanyak 1023 dari total 1485 pieces (69%).

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This research has several objectives; to determine the number of nesting populations and species of turtles, to determine the characteristics of turtle nesting habitat including vegetation and to determine anthropogenic threats in the form of marine debris. Tanjung Binerean is part of the Essential Ecosystem Area, especially for the protection of maleo birds. The 3 km long white sandy beach is also a nesting area for turtles. There are four species of sea turtles that have been recorded as having laid their eggs in the area, namely the olive ridley turtle, hawksbill turtle, leatherback turtle and green turtle. Research conducted for 3 months from September to December 2020 showed only 1 turtle landed, namely the olive ridley turtle with 103 eggs with the following nest characteristics, namely 46 cm depth and 15 cm diameter, soil temperature 28.8 ℃, pH 5.8, humidity 98% and the nest distance from sea water is 7.8 m. The average temperature of Tanjung Binerean in 2020 is (28.4 ℃ ± 1.71). Tanjung Binerean vegetation analysis produces a diversity index value (H ') of H' = 3.06. Cocos nucifera had the highest IVI value for tree vegetation with an IVI value of 59. Meanwhile, Ipomoea pes-caprae had the highest IVI value for lower crop vegetation, namely 30. The total weight of waste obtained was 65.2 kg. The highest amount of waste is plastic waste, amounting to 1023 of a total of 1485 pieces (69%)."

"Skistosomiasis di Indonesia ditemukan hanya di dua daerah terpencil di Sulewesi Tengah, yaitu dataran tinggi Lindu dan Napu. Siput Oncomelania hupenis lindoensis merupakan hospes perantara penyakit tersebut. O.h.lindoensis ditemukan di tempat becek, terlindung dari sinar matahari dan mengandung banyak humus. Siput tersebut bersifat amfibius. Telah dilakukan pemberantasan dengan berbagai metoda dan yang terakhir dengan cara pemberantasan secara terpadu yang melibatkan berbagai instansi. Hasilnya cukup abik pada tahun 1993 prevalensi turun dari rata-rata 33,8% menjadi 1,5% di Napu dari rata-rata 17% menjadi 1,9% di Lindu. Angka infeksi siput menjadi 0,2% dan 2,5% di Lindu. "

"ABSTRAKTesis ini merupakan hasil penelitian tentang peranserta masyarakat dalam penanggulangan penyakit schistosomiasis dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan dua pendekatan yaitu analisis sosial dan analisis pertanian.Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah . Peranserta masyarakat dalam penanggulangan penyakit schistosomiasis dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pengetahuan dan faktor sosial ekonomi masyarakat, tetapi faktor pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit schistosomiasis merupakan faktor yang paling dominan sehingga formulasi hipotesisnya adalah :Ho : Tingginya tingkat peranserta masyarakat dalam penanggulangan penyakit schistosomiasis tidak dipengaruhi o1eh tingginya tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai penyakit schistosomiasis.Ha : Tingginya tingkat peranserta masyarakat dalam penanggulangan penyakit schistomiasis sangat dipengaruhi oleh tingginya tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit schistosomiasis, sehingga makin tinggi tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit schistosomiasis makin tinggi pula tingkat peransertamasyarakat dalam penanggulangan penyakit tersebut.Populasi yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah daerah endemik penyakit schistosomiasis di Sulawesi Tengah yaitu penduduk Desa Watumaeta dan Desa Arica, setiap desa diambil sampel sebanyak 30 % dari jumlah Kepala Keluarga yang ada di tiap desa. Sehingga jumlah sampel yang digunakan adalah 55 Kepala Keluarga.Faktor yang mempengaruhi peranserta masyarakat yang diamati adalah faktor pendidikan formal, faktor pengetahuan mengenai penyakit schistosmiasis dan faktor sosial ekonomi masyarakat.Peranserta masyarakat diukur dengan melihat perilaku responden yang menunjang penanggulangan penyakit schistosomiasis sedang faktor sosial diukur dengan melihat tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat pengetahuan responden,dan tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyakit schistosomiasis yang ditularkan melalui keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis masih tetap merupakan masalah lingkungan yang mengancam lebih dari 10.0100 penduduk di pedesaan Sulawesi Tengah, karena adanya habitat alamiah keong tersebut yang sangat sulit diberantas dan jika karena masih kurangnya pengetahuan tentang keterkaitan antara habitat keong dengan makhluk hidup lainnya. Namun demikian dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut telah tampak usaha dan peranserta aktif masyarakat dalam penanggulangan penyakit.Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa peranserta masyarakat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pengetahuan dan tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Di antara ke tiga faktor tersebut maka faktor pengetahuan merupakan faktor yang paling kuat pengaruhnya terhadap peranserta masyarakat.Hasil penelitian dengan pendekatan aspek pertanian (atas bantuan Puslitbang Biologi LIPI) menunjukkan bahwa dengan merubah pola usahatani masyarakat yang terbiasa dengan tanaman sawah (tanaman padi basah) menjadi tanaman hortikultura atau perkebunan akan mengurangi habitat penyebaran keong perantara.Dalam penelitian ini terlihat pula bahwa upaya pembangunan dan peningkatan kesehatan, bukan hanya suatu masalah biomedikal saja tetapi juga mengandung masalah sosial budaya dalam lingkungan alam dan aspek pertanian sebagai sumber nafkah. Oleh karena itu perlu upaya untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai disiplin ilmu dalam mengatasi masalah ini.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis is the result of research pertaining community participation to abate schistosomiasis disease and most of its influencing factors. The two approaches applied are the social andagricultural analysis. Proposed hypotheses in this research are as follows:

How far is community participation in abating schistosomiasis disease influenced by factors, such as education, knowledge, and socio-economic ones? Which factor is the dominant factor with the strongest influence on the abatement of the disease? Is it the knowledge on schistosomiasis itself? These questions lead to the formulation of the hypotheses follows:

Ho: The high level of community participation to abate schistosomiasis disease is not influenced by the level of community knowledge about the schistosomiasis disease.

Ha: The high level of community participation, to abate schistosomiasis disease is most influenced by the level of community knowledge about the schistosomiasis disease. The higher the community knowledge about the disease, the higher also will be result of community participation to abate the disease.

The population observed in this research is the population of the endemic area of the schistosomiasis disease in Central Sulawesi, namely the village of Watumaeta and of Anca. A 30 percentage of the number of families or 55 family heads from each village has been approached in the survey.

The most influencing factor of the community participation was observed in relation to their formal education, knowledge of the schistosomiasis disease and the socio-economic factors of the community.

Community participation was measured by observing the respondent's behavior, which support the abatement of the schistosomiasis disease, whereas social factors were measured by observing the levels of respondent's education and knowledge as well as of the socioeconomic level of the community.

The research indicated that the schistosomiasis disease, which is spread by Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, is still an important environment problem, which is a threat for more than 10.000 of villagers, in, Central Sulawesi. The ecology of the snails and the lack of the population knowledge about the disease make its control difficult. In solving the problems, efforts were made to activate community participation to abate the disease.

It was also observed that several factors influencing community participation are education, knowledge and the socio-economic level of the community. The level of knowledge, however, is the most influential factor among the three factors to raise community participation.

The results indicated the need to shift the community cultivation pattern from wet-paddy-planting, to horticulture or plantation, thus indirectly decreasing the distribution of the host snails.

This research also indicated that the development and increasing health efforts by the government should not merely be-biomedical but should also involve a sociocultural approach, stressing the role of Interdisciplinary integrated approach in problem solving."