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"In recent years, bridge engineers and researchers are increasingly turning to the finite element method for the design of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges. However, the complexity of the method has made the transition slow. Based on twenty years of experience, Finite element analysis and design of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges provides structural engineers and researchers with detailed modeling techniques for creating robust design models. The book?s seven chapters begin with an overview of the various forms of modern steel and steel?concrete composite bridges as well as current design codes. This is followed by self-contained chapters concerning: nonlinear material behavior of the bridge components, applied loads and stability of steel and steel?concrete composite bridges, and design of steel and steel?concrete composite bridge components."

"One method of increasing the durability of cylindrical concrete columns in aggressive surroundings is by providing a PVC skin around the columns. Beside protection added mechanical benefits have been investigated in this study. Results of this endeavor are reported in this paper. One hundred and fourteen specimens were prepared utilizing prepacked aggregate concrete (PA-Concrete), Consisting of andesite coarse aggregates and cement grout with 30% fly ash as partial cement replacement. Cylindrical specimens with varying length over diameter ratios (LID) and ages have been tested for their strength and ductilities. Results have shown the prevalence of beneficial composite behavior in PVC-confined specimens. Strength increases of 30% to 50% above those of unconfined specimens have been observed. Displacement ductilities lA > 7 have been derived, implying an increase of more than 8 times of those of unconfined specimens. Strains ductilities /l. > 2.4 and residual strength ratios R> 0.52Rp have been observed. Results indicate that strength increase with increasing ages while ductilities decrease with increasing un values. Toward the end of this paper, attempt is made to explain the mechanics of confinement in generating high load capacities of PVC protected columns."

"ABSTRAKSistem struktur flat slab telah berkembang dan banyak digunakan dalam konstruksi bangunan. Khusus untuk wilayah gempa tinggi, struktur ini masih jarang untuk digunakan, karena memang sifat dari struktur ini sangat lemah terhadap beban lateral. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis melakukan analisa perilaku sistem struktur flat slab dengan diberikan dua lapis plat baja (sisi atas dan sisi bawah) sebagai material pendetailan khusus pada daerah sekitar kolom sehingga menjadi struktur composite flat slab steel-concrete-steel dan diharapkan dapat menambah kekakuan flat slab dalam menahan beban lateral. Struktur tersebut dianalisa statik non linier (pushover analysis) akibat beban lateral gempa dengan program komputer SAP2000 v14. Pada analisa tersebut yang ditinjau yaitu daktilitas struktur dan lokasi sendi plastis.Dari hasil studi didapat daktilitas aktual struktur pada masing-masing gedung flat slab tanpa pendetailan khusus, baik pada jalur kolom ekterior maupun jalur kolom interior, memiliki nilai yang bervariasi antara 3,0 sampai dengan 3,4 dengan daktilitas rencana sebesar 3,3 dan terjadi peningkatan daktilitas aktual pada masing-masing gedung yang dilakukan simulasi, baik lebar pemasangan penampang sandwich steel-concrete-steel sejarak ½y maupun lebar pemasangan sejarak y dari muka kolom bila dibandingkan dengan gedung tanpa pendetailan khusus. Lokasi sendi plastis banyak terjadi pada penampang slab (t = 250 mm) yang ujungnya berhubungan langsung dengan slab+drop panel (t = 400 mm) untuk penampang slab+drop panel beton dan untuk penampang slab+drop panel dengan sandwich steel-concrete-steel (t = 412 mm). Hal ini disebabkan kapasitas momen nominal penampang slab (t = 250 mm) lebih kecil dibandingkan penampang slab+drop panel beton dan untuk penampang slab+drop panel dengan sandwich steel-concrete-steel.

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ABSTRACTFlat slab has been developed and widely used structural systems in the construction of buildings. Especially, in zone of high seismic, this structure is rarely used because the behavior of its under lateral loads is very weak. In this paper, the author analyzed the behavior of flat slab structural system with given a two layers of steel plates (the upper and the lower side of concrete) as special detailing materials in the area of plates around the column, so that a composite flat slab steel-concrete-steel structure and its expected to increase the stiffness of flat slab structural system due to lateral loads. This structure was analyzed using static non-linier analysis (pushover analysis) due to earthquake lateral loads on structural analysis computer program, SAP2000v14. In the analysis, the ductility of the structure and the locations of plastic hinges were reviewed.From the result of this study, the actual ductility of each flat slab buildings without special detailing materials, both on the exterior column strips and the interior column strips, has a varies value between 3,0 to 3,4 with the plan ductility of 3,3 and increasing value of the actual ductility of each flat slab buildings was occurred, both the interval width of installation of cross-sectional steel-concrete-steel sandwich is ½y and y from the face of column if those structure compared to the flat slab buildings without special detailing materials."