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"This work investigates two-dimensional change detection methods. The existing methods in the literature are grouped into four categories: pixel-based, transformation-based, texture analysis-based, and structure-based. In addition to testing existing methods, four new change detection methods are introduced: fuzzy logic-based, shadow detection-based, local feature-based, and bipartite graph matching-based. "

"The Indonesian spatiotemporal cloud cover distribution was quantified with the aid of GMS, Landsat and SPOT data. Iterative interactive factorial analyses grouped pixels with similar profiles into 18 classes for all land areas. For each class, statistics of Landsat and SPOT images, grouped by class, were used to verify, calibrate and improve class profiles. This led to quantified temporal profiles of probability of acquiring remotely sensed data with 10, 20, and 30 percent cloud cover, for any Indonesian land area."

"Tanaman adalah makhluk hidup yang dapat menyerap karbon pada suatu daerah melalui proses fotosintesis, sehingga keberadaannya diperlukan untuk menyerap emisi karbon. Mengestimasi nilai biomassa merupakan indikator penting karena memberikan prasyarat dasar mengenai estimasi kepadatan dan penyimpanan karbon dalam wilayah tersebut. Ketidak seimbangan antara emisi karbon dengan stok karbon akan terjadi apabila kegiatan manusia yang menghasilkan emisi karbon lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan stok karbon pada daerah tersebut. Faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat emisi karbon pada daerah tersebut adalah tingkat kepadatan populasi, persentase wilayah urban, dan kepadatan jalan. Nilai karbon didapatkan dari model dengan perhitungan model menggunakan regresi linear. Sementara untuk mengetahui nilai biomassa diperlukan data diameter setinggi dada pada jenis jenis pohon perkotaan. Citra satelit untuk kemudian diolah menjadi data NDVI serta citra yang digunakan adalah Sentinel 2-A. Nilai Estimasi stok karbon dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan perhitungan persamaan allometrik yang dapat menentukan nilai biomassa permukaan, setelah mendapatkan nilai biomassa permukaan dilakukan persamaan regresi terhadap nilai NDVI. Perhitungan antara nilai emisi karbon dengan nilai stok karbon kemudian dihitung selisihnya untuk mendapatkan wilayah yang kelebihan penyimpanan karbon atau kekurangan penyimpanan karbon. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah komposisi antara karbon yang mampu disimpan oleh tanaman pada wilayah Kecamatan Kuta, Kuta Utara dan Kuta Selatan dengan emisi karbon yang terdapat di Kecamatan Kuta, Kuta Utara dan Kuta Selatan.

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The Plant is an living creatures that can absorbs carbons on open air with their capability to photosynthesis, therefore its existence are surely needed to absorbs carbon emissions. Estimating biomass was one of the important indicator because it is an basic requirements about estimating the density of carbons storage on that region. The imbalance between carbon emissions and carbon stocks will happen if the human activity that produce carbon emissions were higher than carbon stocks on that region. Driving factors that interfere the size of carbon emissions on some regions are populations density, road density, and urban percentages. Carbons value were collected by model with calculations using linear regressions. In the other hand to determine biomass value required diameter breast height on tree species on the city. Satellite imagery is also required to produce NDVI data, satellite imagery that were used on this study was Sentinel 2-A. Estimations value of carbon stocks can be obtained by using allometric equation which can determine aboveground biomass, after obtaining the aboveground biomass the next step is making linear regressions against NDVI value. Calculations between carbon emissions value and carbon stocks value were calculated the difference for obtaining which region that had more carbon stocks and which region that hasn’t. the result of this study were composisions between carbons that can be absorbs by the plant in Kuta,North Kuta, and South Kuta District with the carbon emissions that happened on Kuta, North Kuta and South Kuta District."