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"Perkembangan sejarah bangsa Eropa khususnya bangsa Jerman telah melewati sejarah yang panjang mulai dari zaman Mittelalter, Renaissance sampai dengan zaman modern. Perkembangan tersebut memberikan pengaruh pada perubahan bahasa Jerman dari Althochdeutsch, Mittelhochdeutsch hingga Neuhochdeutsch. Perkembangan sejarah dan bahasa tersebut menghasilkan berbagai hasil karya, salah satunya karya sastra, yaitu Minnesang. Minnesang merupakan lirik lagu bertemakan cinta pada zaman Mittelalter yang menggunakan bahasa Jerman Mittelhochdeutsch. Saat ini beberapa Minnesang tersebut telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Jerman baku atau Neuhochdeutsch.Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan perubahan kata dan pelafalan vokal dan konsonan dari Mittelhochdeutsch menjadi Neuhochdeutsch pada Minnesang Unter den Linden karya Walther von Vogelweide, Viel süße sanfte Töterin karya Heinrich von Morungen dan Swer mir Schade karya Heinrich von Veldeke.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dan bersifat deskriftif. Analisis yang dilakukan, yaitu dengan menganalisis perubahan kata dan pelafalan vokal dan konsonan dari Mittelhochdeutsch menjadi Neuhochdeutsch pada Minnesang tersebut dengan menggunakan pendekatan fonetis dan fonologis.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat perubahan kata dan pelafalan vokal dan konsonan yang terjadi, yaitu Diphthongierung, Monopthongierung, Diphthongwandel, Apokopierung, Fortisierung dan Hebung.

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The development history of the Europeans, especially the Germans had passed through a long history from the days of The Dark Ages, Renaissance until the modern times. These developments influence the changes of the German from Old High German, Middle High German to New High German. The development of languages and history produce various works of literature. One of the well-known work art was Minnesong. Minnesong is a song lyric which has a theme of love produced during The Dark Ages and written in Middle High German. Nowadays, some Minnesong have been translated into standard German language or New High German.This study aims to describe the changes of how it is written and pronounced in the past compare to today. The vowels and consonants of each word in this song lyric are taken from Middle High German to New High German on Minnesong Unter den Linden by Walther von Vogelweide, Viel süße sanfte Töterin by Heinrich von Morungen and Swer mir Schade by Heinrich von Veldeke.The analysis method conducted is qualitative and descriptive. The analysis approached in phonetic and phonological areas.The results of the study showed that Diphthongierung, Monophthongierung, Diphthongwandel, Apokopierung, Fortisierung and Hebung are the form of changes found this analysis."

"[ABSTRAKJurnal ini berisi tentang laporan penemuan dari sebuah studi tentang kesadaran fonologis dari 30 anak Indonesia kelas satu sekolah dasar. Para partisipan diuji kemampuannya dalam mengidentifikasi panjang silabel, tes penggabungan kata, deteksi silabel, membalikkan silabel pada nonkata, membalikkan fonem pada nonkata, dan memilih gambar dengan rima yang sama. Ditemukan bahwa kesadaran silabel seperti yang diujikan pada tugas identifikasi panjang silabel, deteksi silabel, dan membalikkan silabel pada nonkata, merupakan tes yang cukup mudah bagi para partisipan, sedangkan tugas membalikkan fonem pada nonkata didapati sebagai yang paling sulit. Hasil dari penemuan studi ini tenyata berhubungan dengan metode pengajaran membaca di Indonesia. Hasil studi ini kemudian dibahas dalam kaitannya dengan fonotatik bahasa Indonesia dan metode pengajaran membaca di Indonesia yang lebih menekankan pada pengajaran silabel. Dikarenakan penelitian tentang ortografi Bahasa Indonesia terbilang sedikit, studi ini merupakan awal yang baik untuk meningkatkan dan memperluas penelitian literasi Bahasa Indonesia selanjutnya.

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ABSTRACTThis paper reports the finding from a study on the phonological awareness skills of 30 Indonesian first grade students. Participants were tested on identifying syllable length, blending task, syllable detection, reversing syllable in nonwords, reversing phoneme in nonwords, and choosing picture with the same rime. It was found that syllabic awareness as assessed by the identifying syllable length, syllable detection, and reversing syllable in nonwords, was relatively easy for Indonesian students while reversing phoneme in nonwords found to be the most difficult task. These findings were turned out to be related to the methods of teaching reading in Indonesia. Due to the findings, these results are then discussed in relation to the Indonesian phonotactics and teaching of reading in Indonesia, which put more emphasize in syllable. Since less research has been conducted in Bahasa Indonesia orthography, this study is a good start to enhance and expand the future literacy research in Bahasa Indonesia.;This paper reports the finding from a study on the phonological awareness skills of 30 Indonesian first grade students. Participants were tested on identifying syllable length, blending task, syllable detection, reversing syllable in nonwords, reversing phoneme in nonwords, and choosing picture with the same rime. It was found that syllabic awareness as assessed by the identifying syllable length, syllable detection, and reversing syllable in nonwords, was relatively easy for Indonesian students while reversing phoneme in nonwords found to be the most difficult task. These findings were turned out to be related to the methods of teaching reading in Indonesia. Due to the findings, these results are then discussed in relation to the Indonesian phonotactics and teaching of reading in Indonesia, which put more emphasize in syllable. Since less research has been conducted in Bahasa Indonesia orthography, this study is a good start to enhance and expand the future literacy research in Bahasa Indonesia.;This paper reports the finding from a study on the phonological awareness skills of 30 Indonesian first grade students. Participants were tested on identifying syllable length, blending task, syllable detection, reversing syllable in nonwords, reversing phoneme in nonwords, and choosing picture with the same rime. It was found that syllabic awareness as assessed by the identifying syllable length, syllable detection, and reversing syllable in nonwords, was relatively easy for Indonesian students while reversing phoneme in nonwords found to be the most difficult task. These findings were turned out to be related to the methods of teaching reading in Indonesia. Due to the findings, these results are then discussed in relation to the Indonesian phonotactics and teaching of reading in Indonesia, which put more emphasize in syllable. Since less research has been conducted in Bahasa Indonesia orthography, this study is a good start to enhance and expand the future literacy research in Bahasa Indonesia., This paper reports the finding from a study on the phonological awareness skills of 30 Indonesian first grade students. Participants were tested on identifying syllable length, blending task, syllable detection, reversing syllable in nonwords, reversing phoneme in nonwords, and choosing picture with the same rime. It was found that syllabic awareness as assessed by the identifying syllable length, syllable detection, and reversing syllable in nonwords, was relatively easy for Indonesian students while reversing phoneme in nonwords found to be the most difficult task. These findings were turned out to be related to the methods of teaching reading in Indonesia. Due to the findings, these results are then discussed in relation to the Indonesian phonotactics and teaching of reading in Indonesia, which put more emphasize in syllable. Since less research has been conducted in Bahasa Indonesia orthography, this study is a good start to enhance and expand the future literacy research in Bahasa Indonesia.]"

"ABSTRAK"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mendeskripsikan penyelarasan dalam realisasi fonologis (RF) satuan leksikal Indonesia yang disalin dari bahasa Inggris. Satuan leksikal salinan (SLS) itu digunakan dalam bahasa Indonesia ragam tulis berlaras ilmiah, yakni disertasi yang dipertahankan oleh mahasiswa program doktor sebuah perguruan tinggi terkemuka di Jakarta. RF SLS itu adalah tuturan para akademisi di perguruan tinggi tempat disertasi itu dipertahankan.Penyelarasan, yang merupakan perbedaan RF antara satuan leksikal asal (SLA) dan SLS-nya, berupa pemecahan bunyi, penambahan bunyi, penggabungan bunyi, penghilangan bunyi, perbedaan realisasi bunyi, pengenduran bunyi, pelemahan bunyi, penguatan bunyi, asimilasi, disimilasi, metatesis, dan realisasi prosodi sebagai bunyi segmental. Kaidah fonotaktis memengaruhi penyelarasan itu. Probabilitas fonotaktis (PF) dalam struktur silabis (SS) berkait dengan kelewahan ortografis (KO) dalam SLS. Kaitan antara PF dan KO itu berkait dengan kaidah korespondensi grafem-fonem (KGF) dalam pembentukan SLS.SLS didapati berbentuk (1) kata salinan, (2) paduan salinan, dan (3) frasa salinan. Asimilasi dalam SLS menunjukkan (1) keproduktifan vokal kendur dan (2) realisasi konsonan dalam prefiks yang berhomorgan dengan konsonan awal pada suku kata awal bentuk dasar paduan salinan. Perbedaan realisasi konsonan menunjukkan dominasi konsonan fortis dalam SLS. Disimilasi dalam SLS terjadi beriringan dengan (1) pemecahan serta penambahan bunyi, (2) penggabungan serta penghilangan bunyi, dan (3) perbedaan realisasi bunyi. Ketiga perihal tersebut terakhir pada umumnya menyebabkan perbedaan SS antara SLS dan SLA. Terjadi monoftongisasi dalam penggabungan bunyi dan penghilangan bunyi. Berkontras dengan itu, diftongisasi terjadi dalam pemecahan bunyi dan penambahan bunyi. Terdapat perbedaan antara tipe diftong dalam SLS dan SLA. KGF dalam SLS lebih ajek daripada KFG dalam SLA. Penyelarasan dalam RF SLS menunjukkan pola tertentu. Selain itu, analogi dan ketaklaziman juga terjadi dalam RF SLS.

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ABSTRACT

This research describes adaptations found in phonological realizations (PR) of Indonesian lexical items copied from English. The copied lexical items (CLI-s) were used in Indonesian academic writings, i.e. dissertations defended by doctorate-program students of a reputable university in Jakarta. The PR of the CLI-s were the utterances of academicians in the university where the dissertations were defended.

The adaptations, i.e. the PR differences between the CLI-s and their English equivalents, were in forms of sound fission, sound additions, sound fusions, sound deletions, replacements, sound laxings, lenitions, fortitions, assimilations, dissimilations, metatheses, and the realization of prosody as a segmental sound. Phonotactic rules governed the adaptations. Phonotactic probabilities (PP) in syllabic structures (SS) were found to be related to orthographic redundancies (OR) in the CLI-s. The relations between the PP and the OR were found to be related to the rules of grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPC) in CLI constructions.

CLI-s were found to be in forms of (1) copied words, (2) loan blends, and (3) copied phrases. Assimilations in CLI-s showed (1) productivity of lax vowels and (2) realization of consonants in prefixes being homorganic with the initial consonants occurring in the initial syllable of the base forms of loan blends. Consonant replacements showed the dominance of fortis consonants in CLI-s. Dissimilations in CLI-s happened along with (1) sound fissions and additions, (2) sound fusions and deletions, and (3) sound replacements. The three points last-mentioned normally caused differences between SS of CLI-s and their English equivalents. Monophthongizations happened in sound fusions and sound deletions. In contrast, diphthongizations happened in sound fissions and sound additions. Differences were found between diphthong types in CLI-s and the ones in their English equivalents. GPC in CLI-s were found to be more consistent than CPC their English equivalents. The adaptations in the PR of CLI-s showed certain patterns. Meanwhile, analogies and irregularities also happened in the PR of CLI-s."