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"ABSTRAKNorth Coast of Java Island continues to experience coastal dynamics which resulted significant coastline erosion problems. According to the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries data (KKP), from 100 locations of coastline erosion in 17 provinces of Indonesia, North Coast of Java Island suffered the worst erosion, reaching 745 km or 44 percent of total coastline length. The shoreline retreat can be caused by three factors: sea level rise, erosion and land subsidence. The aim of this research was to determine the correlation between sediment equilibrium in coastal cells and the initial hypothesis of land subsidence which caused a coastline retreat. The method to calculate sediment equilibrium uses hypothetical sediment budget model. Modeling itself is done along the North Coast of Java. LITDRIFT model of Longshore Sediment Drift is employed to assess the coastline profile. The result of the research shows that there is anomalous model that is the condition of sediment is surplus but the condition of the field is backward. Several locations experienced a sediment surplus but experienced a coastline retreat, and after comparison with field observations and secondary data there was evidence of land subsidence: Pondok Bali Beach, Randusongo Beach, Muara Reja Beach, Depok Beach, Slamaran Beach, Jeruksari-Mulyorejo Beach and Sriwulan Beach. This models result can be used as an initial indicator of the land subsidence causing the coastline to retreat. In order to solve the erosion and sedimentation problem, the detail study with more comprehensive parameter needs to be conducted"

"Since the turn of the century, South American governments and regional organisations have adopted the world's most open discourse on migration and citizenship. At a time when restrictive choices were becoming increasingly predominant around the world, South American policymakers presented their discourse as being both an innovative and exceptional 'new paradigm' and part of a morally superior, avant-garde path in policymaking. This book provides a critical examination of the South American legal framework through a historical and comparative analysis. Diego Acosta uses this analysis to assess whether the laws are truly innovative and exceptional, as well as evaluating their feasibility, strengths and weaknesses. By analysing the legal construction of the national and the foreigner in ten South American countries during the last two centuries, he demonstrates how different citizenship and migration laws have functioned, as well as showing why states have opted for certain regulation choices, and the consequence of these choices for state- and nation-building in the continent. An invaluable insight for anyone interested in global migration and citizenship discussions."